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Androgen is to estrogen as ____ is to ____
Testes; ovaries
a fetus's bilogical sex can be determined at around
the end of the first trimester
___ is an androgen that plays a role in determining fetal genetalia
Testosterone
Male's are better at ___ females are better at ____
spatial, verbal
transsexual
A transsexual undergoes social transition often through surgery
female and male chromosomal arrangement
F (XX), M (XY), both in 23rd pair
female born with missing/incomplete x chromosome
Turner's syndrome
male that acquire extra x chromosome during prenatal
Klinefelter's syndrome
gender identity refers to
sense of being either male or female
children demonstrate understanding of gender role by age of
2 to 3 years
an androgynous individual
exhibits behaviors associated with both genders
people whose gender expression and identity don’t match natal gender
transgender
initial study of human sexual response cycle conducted by
william masters and virginia johnson
sequence of human sexual response cycle
excitement-plateau-orgasm-resolution
shortest phase in HSRC
orgasm
who experience refractory period where they cant obtain another org
men
what is thicker in gay men than straight men
Corpus callosum
which group was underrepresented in Kinsey's sample
African- Americans
sex is correlated with
greater life expectancy, slimmer waistline, lower risk of prostate and breast cancer
98% of undergrads report ___ as hookup behavior
Kissing
in the US the average age of first marriage is ___ for women and ___ for men
27, 29
emphasis on abstinence in sex ed courses is linked with
higher teenage pregnancy rates
approximately ___ have used phones to send sexual pictures of themselves
1 in 7
what fraction of people experience sexual dysfunction
one-third
which of these transmitted infections is bacterial
herpes, warts, HIV, gonorrhea<---
which STI is viral
herpes<---, gonorrhea, chlamydia, syphilis
about ___% of new STI cases in the US occur in ages 15-24
50
HIV was identified in
1981
what number of people have died of HIV complications since it was identified
32 million
how many people are HIV-positive in the US
1.1 mill
HIV is the leading cause of death in
sub-Saharan Africa
cultural rules specifying "appropriate" sexual activities are called sexual
scripts
uncommon sexual acts are called
paraphilias
Klismaphilia entails arousal by
enemas
Voyeurism is
watching unsuspecting people undress / engage in sex
surgical procedure in stone age involved drilling holes in skull to expel evil spirits and abnormal behavior
Trephination
First "asylums" in 16 century were developed by
religious groups
___ worked to improve conditions in Paris asylums
Philippe Pinel
American schoolteacher ___ led "mental hygiene movement", to reform asylums in US
Dorothea Dix
Creation of first ed of DSM occurred in ___ and is in it's ___
1952, 5th edition
mass movement to move patients out of institutions and integrate them with society
Deinstitutionalization
length of psychiatric hospital stay is determined by patient's needs
false
if individuals cannot receive treatment in mental health facilities where else are they ending up
homeless on the streets and in jails/prisons
In US approximately one in ___ inmates have debilitating psychological disorders
five
therapy that refers to drugs and other medical means that target biological basis of disorder
biomedical
"talk therapy" refers to
psychotherapy
a doctor that combines methods to treat a client is using a ___ approach
eclectic
A doctor telling a client to say anything on their mind regardless of what it is, is using what psychoanalytic technique
Free association
___ accordign to Freud are a pathway to unconscious thoughts & desires
dreams
is negative regard part of "person-centered therapy"?
no positive is
term used to describe warm & accepting client-therapist relationship
therapeutic alliance
which behavioral therapy treatment technique is a combo of anxiety hierarchies and relaxation techniques
systematic desensitization
what therapy aims to address maladaptive thinking that leads to maladaptive behaviors and feelings
cognitive
student saying "im a bad student" but good GPA is what cognitive distortion
Arbitrary interference
"if i dont pass this quiz I will fail the course" is what cognitive distortion
Magnification
who developed rational behavioral therapy/REBT
Ellis
Behavioral therapies advantages
work fast, reduced time and cost, easy to operationalize
Psychotropic meds are prescribed by
psychiatrists
SRRIs
Prozac, Paxil, Zoloft, work by inhibit reuptake of serotonin
possible side effect of SRRI
fatigue, weight gain, sexual dysfunction
drug for bipolar depression called "mood-normalizer"
Lithium
Imbalance of which 2 neurotransmitters play role in bipolar disorder
glutamate and serotonin
Benzodiaepines easy anxiety by enhancing effect of ____ becuase it decreases some types of neural activity
GABA; decreases
Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) which induces seizures through electrical currents has been used to
treat severe depression unresponsive to drug management
side effect of ECT
anterograde amnesia, retrograde amnesia, confusion
President Kennedy's sister underwent what procedure (removing part of frontal lobe)
Lobotomy
most widely used self-help group
AA
what therapy explores relationship probs rather than symptoms of particular disorders
Family
how many mental health apps are currently available to consumers
10,000
problem with mental health apps
lack efficacy and evidence-based practice
average cost range for 60 min therapy session
80-250
mental health care order
type of therapy, cost, therapist.
refers to individual's unique and consistent behavioral traits
personality
what is a personality trait
durable disposition to behave in particular manner
Personality can be viewed from what two perspectives
trait theorists(defined and organized traits), Freud’s structure of personality(defined personality structure)q
Gordon Allport
first theorist to make distinction between traits and importance, started by looking at dictionary 4500 words identified, organized traits into three levels
Cardinal trait
dominant trait that influences all of person’s behavior, can be overwhelming
Central personality trait
influence behavior in most situations, building blocks of personality, most peeps have 5-10 central traits
Secondary traits
influence behave in certain situations, peeps may normally be outgoing but shy in group
Hans Eysenck
two major dimensions of personality, introversion vs extroversion & stable vs unstable
McCrae and Costa’s “big five” or “five factor model of personality”
Neuroticism, extraversion, openness, agreeableness, conscientiousness
Freud’s structure of personality 3 traits
Id, Ego, Superego
Freud’s Id
Primitive, instinctive, operates on instant gratification or pleasure principle(PP)
Freud’s Ego
decision making, reality principle, considers social norms, mediates with id and world, uses secondary process thinking-rational
Freud’s superego
moral component of personality, emerges last, incorporates social standards
Freud’s Defense Mechanisms
largely unconscious reactions to protect from anxiety and guilt, develop in latency stage
Freud’s Repression
keeps distressing thoughts and feelings buried in unconscious
Freud’s Projection
attributing one’s thoughts/feelings/motives to another person
Freud’s Displacement
involves diverting emotional feelings from original to substitute
Freud’s Reaction Formaiton
behaving in ways exactly opposite to feelings
Freud’s Regression
reversion to immature patterns of behavior
Freud’s Rationalization
creating false but plausible explanation to justify behavior
Freud’s Identification
bolstering self-esteem by forming real/imaginary alliance with group/person
Social Psychology
field that focuses on people are influenced by presence of others
social psychology bridges gap between
psychology and sociology
American social psyc focus more on ___ and European focus on ___
interpersonal relationships, Group level dynamics
Interpersonal attraction
positive feelings we have towards another person, lead to formation of relationships
Close relationships
long-lasting, interact frequently, impact interactions strong, four basic types- family, friends, work and romantic
Factors that attract others
proximity, similarity, reciprocity, arousal, familiarity, physical attractiveness
Benefits of Social interaction
attention, soothing, praise, stimulation, sharing, affection, social comparison
Note
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