CHAPTER 8: BASIC CONCEPTS OF CHEMICAL BONDING

________ tend to gain, lose, or share electrons until they are surrounded by eight valence electrons.

The ________ are shared unequally- the bond is polar.

________ affects several macroscopic properties in the lab and in life.

Whenever two ________ magnitude but opposite signs are separated by a distance, a dipole is established.

________ and ions with more than an octet of electrons around the central atom are often called hypervalent.

When a(n) ________ an electron, the process is generally exothermic, as seen from the negative electron affinities of the elements.

________ is an important concept in describing the bonding in organic molecules, particularly aromatic organic molecules, a category that includes the hydrocarbon benzene.

________ is commonly represented by omitting the hydrogen atoms and showing only the carbon- carbon framework with the vertices unlabeled.

The ________ (1901- 1994) developed the first and most widely used electronegativity scale, which is based on thermochemical data.

________ is defined as the ability of an atom in a molecule to attract electrons to itself.

________ can help us understand the bonding in many compounds and are frequently used when discussing the properties of molecules.

Covalent bonding causes compounds to behave like molecules, with ________ and boiling temperatures and nonelectrolyte behavior in water.

For nonmetals, the ________ electrons in a neutral atom is the same as the group number.

A(n) ________ formed by sharing a pair of electrons is a covalent bond.

________ attract positive and negative ions.

In a(n) ________, one of the atoms exerts a greater attraction for the bonding electrons than the other.

________ produces brittle, high- melting solids with extended lattice structures that behave strongly as electrolytes in water.

Because each ________ has five valence electrons, three electron pairs must be shared to achieve the octet configuration.

The dots are placed on the four sides of the symbol- top, bottom, left, and right- and each side can accommodate up to ________.

________ is a diatomic gas with exceptionally low reactivity that results from the very stable nitrogen- nitrogen bond.

The ________ chloride from sodium and chlorine is very exothermic.

There are ________ where you might have to choose between satisfying the octet rule and obtaining the most favorable formal charges by using more than an octet of electrons.

________ attract each other at their negative and positive ends.

A(n) ________ in which any negative charges reside on the more electronegative atoms is generally more dominant than one that has negative charges on the less electronegative atoms.

and p-Block Elements