non mendelian genetics

When neither allele is completely dominant over the other.

When both alleles are fully expressed and both create an effective product- like blood types, specifically blood type AB.

When the product of one gene may modify the phenotypic expression of the other. A good example of this is albinism- you need to make the pigment and then make the pigment color; however if you don't make the pigment in the first place the pigment color doesn't matter.

When some traits have multiple genes that act together to determine the phenotype. Since there is such a large range of variation, we see a gradation in the in the degree of difference- which makes a bell-shaped curve on a graph.

When an allele has more than one effect on a phenotype, like white cats having blue/green eyes, yellow mice, and dwarfism.

XX

XY

Since the Y chromosome carries very few traits, most are passed on to X; this makes it so it shows up easier in males than females, as females have a backup X while males do not. (It can still show in females though). The X chromosome with the sex-linked trait MUST come from the mother.

The guy who came up with the Chromosomal Theory of Inheritance- figured out alleles on chromosome were a thing and studied fruit flies. He determined that different genes could be on the same chromosome and inherited together as well- like they were linked.

Genes occupy specific positions on the chromosome, and chromosomes undergo the process of segregation and independent assortment in meiosis.

Make sure to split your end phenotypic and genotypic ratio based on Gender!!!

When there is an increased possibility of passing on recessive traits if close relatives mate. This is known as inbreeding, and is seen in zoo animals and unethical puppy mills.

When the sodium/potassium pumps malfunction, which causes high extracellular chloride concentration and causes mucus to be thicker and stickier than usual. The mucus builds up in important organs and glands, and causes eventual death. It is an example of pleiotropy.

Red blood cells can become sickle-shaped instead of round/concave, and when oxygen is low they can come together and clog blood vessels. This can cause weakness, pain, organ damage, paralysis and more. If heterozygote carriers have some symptoms, then they are incomplete dominant- they also have an advantage against malaria.

When the liver cannot break down the amino acid phenylalanine so it accumulates in the blood. Causes mousy odor, broad shoulders, missing skin pigment, difficultly walking, and mental retardation. Easily manageable if phenylalanine is not consumed.

The lack of pigment in skin and hair, an example of epistasis.

When lysosomes cannot break down lipids so they accumulate in the brain cells. Babies become blind by age 1 and are usually dead by age 5.

Appear by mutation originally, if they are immediately lethal then the gene is not passed on. If not lethal, then the gene will appear in offspring in a homozygous or heterozygous situation.

The allele codes for shortened bone growth, and results in dwarfism where the torso is normal but the arms and legs are smaller. Normal-sized individuals are homozygous recessive, dwarfs are heterozygous, and homozygous dominant individuals do not make enough bone to survive (dominant lethal allele.)

An irreversible degenerative disease of the brain and nervous system that is fatal. It is very rare, but is passed on because symptoms do not appear until the afflicted person has already had children. We can test for it, as we worked on finding it as it was deadly and hard to identify.

Extra fingers and toes; most extra fingers are on the pinky side but some can be on the thumb or in the middle.

Inherited on the X chromosome; since males only need one of these alleles to show the trait they are more common in males than females.

The cones in the eyes are unable to distinguish between red and green pigments. A normal person can see 150 colors, a colorblind person can see 25 or less.

A blood plasma disorder where clotting factors are missing or non-functioning, causing excessive bleeding.

An allele for a muscle protein that is missing or non-functioning, causing progressive weakening and loss of muscle.

These are the many disorders that are polygenic or have a multifactorial basis; they usually have a genetic and environmental component.

A diagram that shows the occurrence of a genetic trait in several generations of a family, since you can't do human breeding.