what makes up the appendicular skeleton
pectoral girdle, humurous, radius, ulna, caprals(short) metacarpals(long), phalanges(long), tarsals,metatarsals, phalanges, pelvix girdle, femur, patella, tibia(fibula, smaller next ti tibia)
skeletal system functions
-support eg. femur helps to hold mass
-movement, act as levels
-blood cell production
-structure,maintain posture
-protect organs
-provides attatchment for muscles via tendons
axial functions
protection of organs
structure
protection of spinbal chord
appendicular functions
movement
support (femur)
attatchment
4 types of bone and an example
long- femur, phalanges
short - carpals
flat- ribs
irregular - vertebar
what makes up the vertebrae and how many bones
cervical- 7
thoracic-12
lumbar-5
sacral-5, fused as one
cocyx-4, fused as one
structre of a long bone: external structures
epiphysis
diaphysis
structure of a long bone:internal structures
Spongey bone
Compact bone
Periosteum
Marrow cavity
Bone marrow
blood vessel
articular cartilage
periosteum
keeps bone marrow in, layer in from compact bone
anatomical terminology:Inferior/superior
Bellow or further away from the head/ above or nearer too the head eg. humerous is superior to the radius
anatomical terminology: proximal/distal
nearer to where the limb attatches to the body/ further from where the limb attatches to the body
the shoulder is proximal to the humerous and the elbow is distal to the humerous
anatomical terminology: Posterior/anterior
behind or nearer to the back/ in the front or nearer to the front eg.
the sternum is anterior to the thoracic part of the vertibral column
anatomical terminology:lateral/medial
further away from the midline of the body/ closer to the midline of the body
the radius is lateral to the boday
anatomical terminology:internal/external
located inside or further away from the surface/ located outside of near to the surface
cartilage
fiberous tissue
-stops the bones rubbing together
-shock absorbtion
ligament
joins bone to bone
-provides structure to the joint(stops moving in ways not meant too
-some elasticity to allow a small degree of movement
tendon
fiberous tissue atatches muscle to bone
creates movement, pulls on the bone when the muscle contracts
joint
where 2 or more bones meet/articulate with one another
3 types of joints
fiberous, cartilaginous, synovial
fiberous joint
no movement, fixed joint eg. cranium
cartilaginous joint
slightly moveable, have pads of cartilage between them eg. vertebral column, ribs
synovial joint
freely moveable joint eg. shoulder
features of a synovial joint
articular cartilage, synovial membrane, synovial fluid, bursae, meniscus, ligaments, articular capsule
features of a synovial joint:articular cartilage
covers articulating surface of bones, thicker in areas of higher stress
reduces friction, absorbs shock and protects bones
features of a synovial joint: synovial membrane
a layer of connective tissue which provides synovial fluid that lubricates the joint cavity, reduces friction and proves nutrients/ removes waste from the cartilage
bursae
small fluid filled sacks found in high areas of stress in the body
-provides lubrication and reduces friction
meniscus
semilunar disks found between some articulating bones allowing a tighter fit between them and greaterv cuushioning
articular capsule
contains the synovial fluid, joint capsule and synovial membrane
-flexible enough to allow joint movement but has tensile strength to proect the joint from dislocation
draw and label a synovial joint
types of synovial joints
hinge
ball and socket
condyloid
pivot
gliding
saddle
hinge
flexion and extension (elbow and knee)
ball and socket
sphere shaped head of bone fitys into rounded cavity on another: circumduction, rotation, flexion extension ,abduction adduction
-shoulder, hip
condyloid
wrist, base of fingers(to metatarsals ad also to phalanges)
pivot
neck, radioulna joint
gliding joint
least amount of movement, tarpals, carpals
saddle joint
thumb
label a skeleton
what makes up the pectoral girdle
scapula and calvical
what makes up the pelvic girdle
ilium
pubis
ischium
ilpubish- to remeber