final

Dynamic, Condensor and Ribbon.

1. Thicker diaphragm

2. Composed of a voice coil, magnet, XLR socket, transformer and grid

1. Thin diaphragm

2. Composed of a back plate and battery. Inside the battery is a resistor, potential source and a signal amplifier.

1. Different diaphragm all together

2. Composed of a ribbon, magnet, output and transformer.

Thinner diaphragms allow for a faster transient response, which is easier to pick up frequencies and details. (Condenser mics)

Thicker diaphragms are harder to vibrate and consequently have a slower transient response. (Dynamic mics)

Pressure Operated capsules accept sound equally from every direction because the back of the capsule is not exposed to changes in pressure (equalized). They only react to air pressure - not direction. Whereas Pressure Gradient capsules have both sides of the diaphragm exposed to pressure variation, meaning it won't react to pressure from the side but only toward the capsule. Because both sides are exposed to pressure variation, it is known as a bidirectional polar pattern.

We use the decibel system, a logarithmic scale (10 as the base). 0dB means there is no change in the signal and is the reference. When the gain is 0, it is known as unity gain/loss. Typically we would need a microphone that requires a 40 to 60 dB boost in order to order properly.

We are trying to avoid:

1. Distortion from overloading the signal

2. Too weak of a signal to avoid the noise floor (any voltage drops) We are trying to achieve: 1.a signal level that is high enough going into the next piece of equipment to be at the nominal operation level.

1. dBV is a scale with a reference of 0 dBV = 1 volt, regardless of impedance.

2. Voltage can use a second decibel scale: dBu. 1 dBV = 2.218 dBu. 0 dBu is dB relative to 0.775 volts.

3. VU is a measure of signal strength compared to nominal level, accounting for headroom. 0 VU is typically +4 dBu, but can change depending on system specifications. The input/output ratings are: -10 dBV = consumer grade +4 dBu = professional grade

Because is is a common balanced audio connector. Meaning that the cable keeps the low strength signal of a microphone clean and a higher quality output. Advantages are clean audio transfer across long cable lengths and protecting mics and people from electrical damage.

60 Hz hum

The time interval that samples are taken, or how many times per second we want to measure the amplitude level of a sound.

The amount of values, grows exponentially, as more bits are added to each sample.

1. Clipping

2. Aliasing

3. Randomize Quantization Error

Where the audio distorts because the value is rounded down to the highest possible value. A way to bypass this is by avoiding going above 0 dBFS.

When a sample rate is too low since the computer can't analyze data out of range and fails to satisfy the Nyquist Theory.

You would need at least a sampling rate of twice the highest frequency of that sound

When the signals keep continuously changing. In order to fix this, one could use dithering

Adding a noise to the signal in order to reduce the overall signal to a ratio and help eliminate distortion

1. mp3

2. OGG 3.AAC

Where the PCM data is encoded based on the sample rate and bit depth and nothing else.

WAV and AIFF (Audio Interchange File Format).

Dictates an amount of data that can be stored per second of audio - a bitrate. It provides a way to store the necessary audio data with the compromise of some reduction in quality.

Lossless Compression reduces redundancy in data instead of removing data itself(so that it doesn't have to repeat it and take up space) While Lossy Compression is used to permanently remove data by compressing sound data in a way that discards some information (meaning that it is not restored to its original form after decompression)

digital transmission requires precise time synchronization between the clocks.

An ADC uses an internal clock to know at what interval to take a sample. The accuracy of this clock is known as jitter - the less jitter, the more accurate the sampling will be.

They use clocking. One of the two devices will be the master, sending the clock signal to the other in a one-way connection.

They use a Word Clock; one singular master clock that synchronizes all devices

A speaker

48 volts

Ground Loop; stops you from being shocked. Outputs 2 signals; positive signal & negative signal. Flips the negative signal, which increases the amplitude from the signal, and adds it to the positive. Produces noise free audio.

1. XLR Cables

2. TRS (tip, ring, sleeve) Cables

Connectors only supply one signal line and one ground line

1. Produces a stronger signal

2. Shorter cable runs so less chance of interference

A series of transistors that amplify voltage of the input signal without altering the current.

no change

a measure of the ability

1 volt

Frequency and Amplitude

taking samples “snapshots” of audio at specific intervals and interpreting the values into audio.

0.775 volts

2.218 dBU

Aliasing. This could lead to silent audio or drop in pitch.

1. Relative (dB)

2. dBu

3. dBv

4. dBFS

0 dB = the max value that can be stored in a digital system using discrete values.

An accurate reading of dBFS value (voltage) in that instant.

a measure of a signal's strength to nominal level with accounting for headroom