APUSH Unit 7 Test

• Refers to the period between 1875-1900

• Referred to the superficial glitter of the new wealth so prominently displayed in the late 19th century

• Thought it looked good but turned out not to be

• Blacks, middle-class businessmen, Protestants

• Mostly the North

• Big city political machines, immigrants

• Mostly the South

• They believed that the role of gov. was strictly limited

• Wanted to restore what they believed was a more normal political equilibrium

• Held that after an election the victorious party should reward its supporters by giving them gov. jobs

• Often meant turning members of the opposing party out of their gov. positions and became a major burden for presidents as heads of the office-rich executive branch

• Garfield’s assassination convinced Congress that something had to be done about the spoils system

• PA: took a number of gov. jobs out of political control (If you want to work for gov., you need to take a test)

• Republicans supported high tariffs to protect American industry and jobs

• Democrats wanted to lower tariffs

• Highly structured organizations designed to keep a leader and his associates in political power

• Provided working-class citizens jobs, loans, and other favors in exchange for their votes

• Most famous political machine

• Boss was William M. Tweed (and a group from City Hall)

• Republican, Rutherford B. Hayes

• Democrat, Samuel J. Tilden

• The end of a federal military presence and brought Reconstruction to an end

• Most Southern African Americans and whites in the decades after the Civil War remained poor farmers, and they fell further behind the rest of the nation

US gov. subsidized the building of the transcontinental railroad and gave huge land grants to rail companies who sought to construct rail lines throughout the west

• Cornelius Vanderbilt lead the modernization of older tracks

• Conversion of Eastern lines to common gauge steel rails and consolidated many smaller rail lines under one company

• Transcontinental railroad was constructed by the congressionally appointed Union Pacific Railroad and Central Pacific Railroad companies

• They finally met on May 10, 1869, at Promontory Point, Utah, just north of the Great Salt Lake

Henry Bessemer revolutionized the production of steel when he discovered a way to produce it faster and make it stronger

• A young Scottish immigrant who saw a future in the production of steel and emerged as one of the nation’s wealthiest men by the late 1800s through his Carnegie Steel Company

• Tactic where Carnegie controlled every aspect of the production process for steel from the mining of the ore to the distribution of the finished product

• A young businessman that soon joined Carnegie as one the nation’s wealthiest men

• Strategy was to control one aspect of the production process of oil, in this case, the refining stage

Economic system based on natural market forces, not governments, should regulate the marketplace

• An attempt to break up the massive monopolies that were dominating the American economy

• Forbade the creation of trusts that were designed to restrain trade

• Failed to specify the difference between trusts that were beneficial to customers and those that were harmful

• Failed to include any real method of enforcement

Provided a settler with 160 acres of land if he promised to live on it and work it for at least five years

A political cartoonist for Harper’s Weekly, became William Tweed’s archenemy as he began drawing scathing commentaries regarding the machine’s corruption and greed

• Begun by young, college-educated, middle-class women, founded by Jane Addams

• The Hull House was the first private social welfare agency, to assist the poor, combat juvenile delinquency, and help immigrants learn to speak English.

• Make laws to prohibit the sale of alcoholic beverages

• Believed prohibition would cure society of a variety of ills, particularly poverty

• Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Susan B Anthony formed the National American Woman Association

• Number of western states did allow women to vote by 1900, Wyoming being the first

• Ruled that because a car was provided for African-American passengers, the state of Louisiana had not violated the Fourteenth Amendment

• Justices used the “separate but equal” doctrine to justify their decision

Segregated public facilities from drinking fountains to hotel rooms

• Washington argued that “the agitation of the questions of social equality is the extremist folly”

• WEB DuBois would demand an end to segregation and the granting of equal rights to all Americans (Talented 10th)

• Poll Taxes

• Liberty Tests

• Grandfather Clause

The Plessy vs Ferguson ruling would later be overturned in 1954 by Brown vs Board of Education of Topeka Kansas

Poorly built, overcrowded housing where many immigrants lived

• Attempt to “civilize” Native Americans

• Stripped tribes of their official federal recognition and land rights and would grant individual Indian families land and citizenship in 25 years if they “behaved”

• Intended to stimulate higher education in the states

• Federal gov. gave hundreds of thousands of acres of public land to state governments

• Conditions on the western plains were harsh

• Because of the lack of trees and wood, many settlers had to build their homes out of sod

• Water was often in short supply, and tainted sources of water spread diseases such as typhoid

• Large farms that came to overcome agricultural life in a lot of the west in the late 1800s.

• Large amounts of machinery were used, and workers were hired laborers, often performing only specific tasks

Wyoming led the way in giving women the right to vote in statewide elections

• Most famous group of African Americans to leave the South for the West

• They modeled their journey on the exodus of the Israelites from Egypt to the Promise Land

• Organization that formed farmer cooperatives to enable members to enjoy economies of scale by buying and marketing products

• Organized politically and sponsored state legislation to regulate railroads and grain elevators

Popular speaker, telling farmers to “raise less corn and more hell”

Planned to regulate railroads but did not prove effective

• The Populist Party hoped to unite all working people across the country

• Called for increasing the amount of senators, gov. ownership of railroads, and the eight-hour day for workers

• Republican, William McKinley, conducted a “front porch” campaign

• Democrat, William Bryan, campaigned vigorously throughout the swing states of the Midwest

The debate of Bryan and the Populist free-silver movement initiated an era of Republican dominance of the presidency and of both houses of Congress

• Populist Demise

• Urban Dominance

• Beginning of Modern Politics

• Jackson Turner asserted that the American national character was shaped by the move west

• He argued that American democracy and self-reliance were products of the frontier experiences

• Labor was doing the heavy lifting for the country

• Ten-plus hours a day, six days a week, and unsafe conditions created a vacuum that labor unions attempted to fill

Would see the greatest and longest-lasting success of all unions because of their use of collective bargaining and focus on “bread and butter” issues

• Closing the factory

• “Locking out” the workers

• Keeping them from obtaining their day’s pay

Most immigrants came from Northern Europe, usually from the British Isles and Germany

The federal gov. opened Ellis Island in New York City harbor as a reception center

• Chinese Exclusion Act

• Webb Alien Land Act