Unit 4 APES

the spatial arrangement of organisms within a particular area - can be random, uniform, and clumped

a model that predicts the population growth rate by a shape.

a material or immaterial supply that the population needs to survive. and which limits population growth due it its scarcity

max number of individuals of a species that a particular environment can support for an indefinite period, assuming no changes in the environment.

the natural increase of a population, expressed as percent per year

growth model that estimates a population's future size after a period of time based on the intrinsic growth rate (r) and the number of reproducing individuals currently in the population.

J-shaped Curve

growth model that describes a population whose growth is initially exponential, but slows as the population approaches the carrying capacity of the environment.

S-shaped

when a population becomes larger than the environment's maximum carrying capacity.

a rapid decline in population size when carrying capacity is exceeded and resources are limited

strips of habitat that connect populations; a belt of land linking two. areas or following a river

group of populations of the same species that are separated.

Any intimate relationship or association between members of two or more species

The struggle of of individuals to obtain a shared limited resource.

Two species competing for the same limiting resource cannot coexist.

Under a given set of environmental conditions, when two species have the same realized niche, one species will perform better and will drive the other species to extinction.

two species divide a resource based on differences in their behavior or morphology. When two species compete for the same resource, they can adapt to help them coexist.

one animal kills and consumes another animal.

one organism lives on or off of another organism.

an insect whose larvae feed and develop within or on the bodies of other arthropods

a living organism that can cause disease in another organism.

An interaction between two species that increases the chances of survival for both species.

A relationship between species in which one species benefits and the other species is not helped or harmed.

species that play a pivotal role in the structure, function, and integrity of an ecosystem

species that modify their environment in a significant manner, creating new habitats or modifying existing ones to suit their needs

happens when a new patch of land is created or exposed for the first time - without soil.

a previously occupied area is re-colonized following a disturbance that kills much or all of its community - with soil.

first species to populate an area during primary succession.

An interaction in which an animal consumes a producer.

Behavioral, morphological, chemical, mechanical defenses. Hiding, reduced movement, camouflage, spines, releasing toxins, mimicry.

Broad niche, adaptable, use variety of resources.

don’t

Fulfill a specific niche very well, thrive when conditions are right, require unique resources, not adaptable.

have

Variety - they can adapt to many different types of habitats.

Specific habitats - they need a certain type of habitat.

between, r, k

low

high

relatively late

relatively early

substantial, a few, large

little, no, large

long, short

carrying capacity.

rarely

overshoots, die-offs

the maximum number of individuals a species can produce - when a species has its highest birth rate and lowest death rate

r

high survival throughout most of life span, but individuals start to die in large numbers as old age approaches.

k-selected, humans, elephants, whales

Relatively constant decline in survivorship throughout life span.

squirrels, coral

Low survivorship early in life, with few individuals reaching adult life.

r-selected, dandelions, mosquitoes

Similar thing as wolves and moose, as hare pop. increases, so does lynx pop., then lynx eat hares, leading to less hares, therefore less lynxes, and more hares. This is where “boom and bust” comes from.

The wolf pop. declined due to a canine virus, which led to increases in the moose pop. As time went on, the wolf pop.n increased, and in turn, the moose pop. decreased. This kept happening - pops. kept increasing and decreasing.

The max potential for growth of a population under ideal conditions with unlimited resources.

less organisms

carrying capacity.

study of statistics such as births, deaths, income, or the incidence of disease, which illustrate the changing structure of human populations.

number of people entering a country - pop. size increases

number of people leaving the country - pop. size decreases

the number of births per 1000 people

number of deaths per 1000 people

the time it takes for the population to double

the average number of children born to a woman in her reproductive age

total fertility rate required to offset avg. number of death in a population in order to maintain pop. size

2

economy has high growth & security when looking at the gross domestic product per capita income and general standard of living

exhibits lowest indicators of socioeconomic development with low incomes, human resource weaknesses, and economic vulnerabilities that include weak natural resources or population displacement

The average number of years an individual can be expected to live, given current social, economic, and medical conditions.

rate of the number of children that die before the age of one

lack of sanitation, contraceptives, no medical technology or not any access to healthcare.

difference between immigration and emigration in a given year per 1000 people in a country.

the transition from high to lower birth a death rates in a country or region as development occurs and that country moves from a pre-industrial to an industrialized economic system.

I = P x A x T

The IPAT Equation is an attempt to describe the impact of population, affluence and technology on the environment.

the effort to plan the number and spacing of children in a family

Geographic area with a population of 2,500 or more.

The rapid and often poorly planned spread of cities and suburbs out into the countryside.

degradation of environments of the city that often accompanies and accelerates migration to the suburbs.

Various parcels of land designed for certain uses such as residential, commercial, or mixed-use.

overall approach to development that encourages a mix of building types and uses, diverse housing and transportation options, development within existing neighborhoods, and robust community engagement.

dt = 70/r

r = (b-d) + (i-e)

8 billion

332 million

China, India, USA

Tokyo, Mumbai, Dehli

The effect of current age structure on future population growth.

Pyramid, column, inverted pyramid

illustrates a rapidly growing population population - developing countries

Shows population stability - developed countries

Only in very developed countries, more elderly than young.

continued population growth after growth reduction measures have been implemented.

Because there are large numbers of individuals at reproductive maturity in the population. The momentum here is like a heavy freight train - population isn’t something that can be controlled short term.

education for women, family planning, less need for children in workforce, industrialization, govt. policies, and cost of raising children

lower