HGAP 4.4 - 4.7

natural barriers between areas such as oceans, deserts, and mountains

boundaries which divide people according to some cultural division, such as language, religion, or ethnicity

a boundary established before a large population was present.

a boundary drawn to accommodate religious, ethnic, linguistic, or economic differences

means they are usually related to cultural phenomena

type of boundary drawn by outside powers and may have ignored existing cultural patterns

without territory connected to an ocean

a boundary that has been abandoned for political purposes, but evidence of it still exists on the landscape

a straight line or arc drawn by people that does not closely follow any physical feature

a border that is drawn taking into account language, ethnicity, religion, or other cultural traits

division that uses already-existing natural features that divide a territory such as rivers, mountains, or deserts

unguarded and people can cross easily, with little or no political intervention

one that is heavily guarded and discourages crossing

established by a legal document, such as a treaty, that divides one entity from another(invisible line)

drawn on map by cartographer to show the limits of a space

one identified by physical objects placed on the landscape such as a sign or a fence or wall

occurs when 2 or more parties disagree over how to interpret the legal documents or maps that identify the boundary

boundary disputes that center on where a boundary should be, how it is delimited(mapped), or demarcated

type of expansionism when one country seeks to annex territory where it has cultural ties to part of the population or historical claims to the land

centers not on where a boundary is but how it functions

when a boundary separates natural resources that may be used by both countries

how a boundary will be maintained, how it will function, and what goods and people will be allowed to cross are important aspects of this boundary

boundaries that have checkpoints where a passport or visa are required to enter the country

territories that are part of a state, yet geographically separated from the main state by one or more countries

states, territories or parts of a state or territory that are completely surrounded by the territory of another state

a place located between 2 very different and contentious regions

establishes legal claims to the territorial waters surrounding the country's boundary

this area extends up to 12 NM of sovereignty where commercial vehicles may pass, but noncommercial vehicles may be challenged

coastal states have limited sovereignty for up to 24 NM where they can enforce laws on customs, immigration, and sanitation

Coastal states can explore, extract minerals, and manage natural resources up to 200 NM

Water beyond any country's EEZ that is open to all states

small islands in the world's ocean who have a EEZ larger than the size of the landmass most of them opening it up to different economic opportunities

used at the subnational level to divide countries into smaller units

using spatial thinking and tools to analyze elections and voting patterns

internal boundaries that divide a country's electorate into subnational regions

people of a country who are eligible to vote, vote for leaders in each district to govern on their behalf

count of the population, every 10 years, to ensure the national congressional districts have approximately the same number of people

changing the number of representatives granted to each state so it reflects the state's population

state legislatures or state committees redrawing district boundaries so that each district contains roughly the same number of people

drawing of boundaries for political districts by the party in power to protect or increase its power

dispersing a group into several districts to prevent a majority

combining like-minded voters into one district to prevent them from affecting elections in other districts

diluting a minority-populated district with majority populations

redrawing two districts in order to force two elected representatives of the same party to run against each other

moving an area where an elected representative has support to an area where he or she does not have support

unites separate political entities into an overarching system that allows each entity to maintain some degree of sovereignty

most or all of the governing power is held by the national government

process of legally adding territory to a city