Chapter 11: Motivation

The process that initiates, guides, and maintains goal-oriented behaviors

Our behavior is motivated by our inborn automated/primal behaviors

Our behavior is motivated by our biological need to reduce internal physiological drives and maintain homeostasis; pushed by primary (physiological) and secondary (interest) drives, pulled by incentives

A tendency to maintain a balanced or constant internal state; the regulation of any aspect of body chemistry around a particular level

Our behavior is motivated by seeking an optimum level of arousal or stimulation (levels may vary)

The psychological principle stating that performance is best under conditions of moderate arousal rather than either low or high arousal

Motivation results from a positive or negative environmental stimuli that pull the organism in certain directions, such as the pursuit of rewards or the avoidance of punishments

Motivation is affected by attributions on behavior, or how we interpret and think about our own or others’ actions

Our behavior is motivated by various levels of needs in a five-tier pyramid, beginning with lower-level physiological and safety needs that must first be satisfied, then goes to higher-level social, self-esteem, actualization, and meaning needs

Need to find meaning and identity beyond the self

Need to live up to one’s fullest and unique potential; need to pursue meaningful goals and personal growth

Need for self-esteem, achievement, competence, independence, recognition, and respect from others

Need social connections and emotional bonds; to love and be loved; to belong and be accepted; to avoid loneliness and alienation

Need to feel that the world is organized and predictable; need to feel safe, secure, stable, protected, and assured

Need to satisfy basic biological requirements, such as air, water, food, shelter, and sleep

Internal rewards that drive behavior, such as enjoyment, satisfaction, fulfillment, interest

External rewards that drive behavior, such as praise, grades, money, or other tangible rewards/consequences

Hunger does not come from our stomach, it comes from the hypothalamus

The sides of the hypothalamus, which brings on hunger (stimulation = hunger; lesion = never feel hungry again)

The lower-mid hypothalamus, which depresses hunger (stimulation = feel full; lesion = never feel full again)

The point at which an individual’s “weight thermostat” is supposedly set; the hypothalamus maintains a stable weight; body falls below weight = increase in hunger and lowered metabolic rate to restore lost weight

A desire for significant accomplishment; for mastery of things, people, or ideas; for rapidly attaining a high standard (includes intrinsic and extrinsic motivation)

A numerical value derived from an individual’s weight and height, but does not account for muscle mass and overall health

The amount of energy an individual’s body needs to maintain basic physiological functions, which can determine how many calories should be consumed daily

Cells that store energy in the form of fat; cells may shrink, but numbers will never decrease (obese = numerous & larger; lose weight = numerous & smaller)

Technique of gaining greater awareness of many physiological functions of one’s body by using electronics or other instruments to help monitor health (heart rate, breathing, etc)

A learned avoidance of a specific taste or flavor due to its association with a negative experience

The form of sugar that circulates in the blood and provides the major source of energy for body tissues (low level = hungry)

An eating disorder in which a person (usually an adolescent female) diets and starves themselves below 85% of their normal body weight; often have a distorted body image and a relentless pursuit of thinness

An eating disorder characterized by recurrent episodes of binging (eating large amounts of food) followed by purging (getting rid of the food) in fear of gaining weight

The consumption of a large amount of food within a short period, often accompanied by a sense of loss of control

The compensation for the consumption of large amounts of food, often in them form of self-induced vomiting, excessive exercise, or the use of laxatives

The complex biochemical processes within the body that regulate physiological functions, including orexin, ghrelin, insulin, leptin, and PYY

A neuropeptide produced in the hypothalamus that regulates alertness and increases hunger

A hormone produced in the stomach that regulates appetite and increases hunger

A hormone produced by the pancreas that lowers blood sugar levels and increases hunger

A hormone produced by fat cells that regulate energy balance and decreases hunger

A hormone produced by in the digestive tract that regulates food intake and decreases hunger

Significant binge-eating episodes (followed by distress, disgust, or guilt) without the compensatory purging in bulimia nervosa, which causes health issues

A disorder characterized by abnormal consumption of non-nutritive, non-food substances

A feeding and eating disorder characterized by persistent avoidance or restriction of food intake, often associated with sensory sensitivity, or lack of interest in eating

A category within eating disorders that includes individuals who have disordered eating patterns but do not meet the specific criteria for most eating disorders

An eating disorder characterized by an obsessive focus on consuming only healthy or “pure” foods

An eating disorder characterized by a pattern of consuming a significant portion of daily food intake during the nighttime, often waking up to eat

A cognitive tendency for individuals to consume a specific portion of food, often defined by social norms, without regard for their actual hunger or nutritional needs

A completely involved, focused state of consciousness, with diminished awareness of self and time, resulting from optimal engagement of one’s skills

A branch of psychology that focuses on the application of psychological concepts and methods to optimizing human behavior in workplaces

A subfield of I/O psychology that focuses on employee recruitment, selection, placement, training, appraisal, and development

A subfield of I/O psychology that examines organizational influences on worker satisfaction and productivity and facilitates organizational change

Interview process that asks the same job-relevant questions of all applicants, each of whom is rated on established scales

Goal-oriented leadership that sets standards, organizes work, and focuses attention on goals

Group-oriented leadership that builds teamwork, mediates conflict, and offers support

Represents a traditional and authoritarian approach to managing employees; managers assume that employees inherently dislike work, avoid responsibility, lack ambition, and need to be closely supervised

Represents a participative and collaborative leadership style to managing employees; managers assume that employees are inherently motivated, enjoy their work, seek responsibility, and can be self-directed

A combination of passion and perseverance towards long-term goals; a key factor in achieving success and overcoming challenges

The fear or aversion to new or unfamiliar things; an individual's reluctance or resistance to try new foods, experiences, or adopt unfamiliar ideas

A performance appraisal method that involves collecting feedback from various sources to provide a comprehensive view of an individual's skills and behaviors

The mental discomfort or tension that arises when an individual holds two or more conflicting beliefs (or when their behavior contradicts their beliefs); may change their beliefs to restore consistency