AP Human Geography Review

The exact position of an object or place, measured within the spatial coordinates of a grid system.

science or art of making maps

Objects that circle another object, another name for it is Centralized Pattern; For example, in an Islamic city, houses and public buildings may circle around the mosque, or house of worship.

The products of complex interactions between humans and their environments.

the practice of temporarily advancing clocks during the summertime so that afternoons have more daylight and mornings have less

a change in the shape, size, or position of a place when it is shown on a map

The intersection between human and physical geography, which explores the spatial impacts humans have on the physical environment and vice versa.

an imaginary line drawn around the earth equally distant from both poles, dividing the earth into northern and southern hemispheres and constituting the parallel of latitude 0°.

The head librarian at Alexandria during the third century B.C.; he was one of the first cartographers. Performed a remarkably accurate computation of the earth's circumference. He is also credited with coining the term "geography."

Also called uniform regions, an area that has striking similarities in terms of one or a few physical or cultural features.

areas organized around cores, or nodes

Geographic Information System; a computer system that captures, stores, analyzes, and displays data.

Actions or processes that involve the entire world and result in making something worldwide in scope.

The time in that time zone ecompassing the Prime Meridian, or 0 degrees longitude

Global Positioning System; uses a system of satellites, tracking stations, and receivers to determine precise absolute locations on earth.

Also called a rectilinear pattern, reflects a rectangular system of land survey adopted in much of the country under the Ordinance of 1785. Streets form grids and are sometimes labeled "1st", "2nd", "3rd" streets and so on.

Lived in the late 6th and early 5th centuries B.E.C., a Greek scientist, he wrote a book about geography and illustrated a map of the countries and inhabitants of the known world.

a branch of geography that focuses on the study of patterns and processes that shape human interaction with the built environment, with particular reference to the causes and consequences of the spatial distribution of human activity on the Earth's surface

An 11th century Arab geographer that worked for the king of Sicily to collect geographical information into a remarkably accurate representation of the world. Under his direction, an academy of geographers gathered maps and went out on their own scientific expeditions.

German philosopher and geographer in the 1700s that defined geography as the study of interrelated spatial patterns.

The overall appearance of an area that is shaped by both human and natural influences

The numbering system used to indicate the location of parallels drawn on a globe and measuring distance north and south of the equator.

when the pattern in along straight lines, like rivers, streets, or railroad tracks.

The standard time in the region that a person lives in

The position of anything on Earth's surface.

The numbering system used to indicate the location of meridians drawn on a globe and measuring distance east and west of the prime meridian (0°).

An inventor, diplomat, politician, and scholar, his classic work, "Man and Nature, or Physical Geography as Modified by Human Action," provided the first description of the extent to which natural systems had been impacted by human actions.

a map projection of the earth onto a cylinder

an arc drawn between North and South poles that measures longitude

An example of economic globalization in which the business has centers of operation in many parts of the globe.

A circle drawn around the globe parallel to the equator and at right angles to the meridians.

the arrangement of objects on earth's surface in relation to other objects

places that people believe to exist as a part of their cultural identity

the outer boundary of a region; Countries that usually have low levels of economic productivity, low per capita incomes, and generally low standards of living. The world economic periphery includes Africa (except for South Africa), parts of South America, and Asia.

An equal-area projection purposely centered on Africa in an attempt to treat all regions of Earth equally.

A specific point on Earth distinguished by a particular character.

one of the two major divisions of systematic geography; the spatial analysis of the structure, processes, and location of the Earth's natural phenomena such as climate, soil, plants, animals, and topography.

A location that includes climate, topography, soil, water sources, vegetation, and elevation.

The meridian, designated at 0° longitude, which passes through the Royal Observatory at Greenwich, England.

a Greek scholar who lived five hundred years later than Eratosthenes, recalculated the circumference of the earth to be much smaller - by about 9000 miles. He was wrong, but his mistake was taken as truth for hundreds of years. Despite his famous miscalculations, his Guide to Geography included many rough maps of landmasses and bodies of water, and he developed a global grid system that was a forerunner to our modern system of latitude and longitude.

a pattern that exists if no regular distribution can be seen

the organization of earth's surface into distinct areas that are viewed as different from other areas

Projection that attempts to balance several possible projection errors. It does not maintain completely accurate area, shape, distance, or direction, but it minimizes errors in each.

early 20th century geographer from California, shaped the field of Human Geography by arguing that cultural landscapes (products of interactions between humans and their environments) should be the main focus of geographic study. His study is basic to environmental geography, a field that centers on the interaction of human and physical geography.

The ratio between the size of an area on a map and the actual size of that same area on the earth's surface.

the physical and human-transformed characteristics of a place

characteristic that refers to relative location

based on the position of the sun in the sky as the day progresses

the physical gap or distance between two objects

the reduction in the time it takes to diffuse something to a distant place, as a result of improved communications and transportation systems

organization according to location, position, or direction

observing variations in geographic phenomena across space

24, 15 degree sections that each represent a different hour of the day

A description of surface features of land.

Place names given to certain features on the land such as settlements, terrain features, and streams.

a principal agency of the U.S. Federal Statistical System responsible for producing data about the American people and economy.

Critical to geographers, the explanations for why a spatial pattern occurs

The space within which daily activity occurs.

The time when human beings first domesticated plants and animals and no longer relied entirely on hunting and gathering

Immune system disease caused by the Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) which over a period of years weakens the capacity of the immune system to fight off infection so that weight loss and weakness set in and other afflictions such as cancer or pneumonia may hasten an infected person's demise

land suitable for growing crops

population growth where population increases by the same amount over each time interval

The population of a country or region expressed as an average per unit area. The figure is derived by dividing the population of the areal unit by the number of square kilometers or miles that make up the unit

Locations or places about which an individual has knowledge even without visiting all of them, includes activity space and additional areas newly encountered or about which one acquires information.

Largest number of individuals of a population that a environment can support

migration of people to a specific location because relatives or members of the same nationality previously migrated there

Short-term, repetitive, or cyclical movements that recur on a regular basis.

the distance beyond which cost, effort, and means strongly influence our willingness to travel

The number of live births per year per 1,000 people.

The number of deaths per year per 1,000 people.

The formula that calculates population change. The formula finds the increase (or decrease) in a population. The formula is found by doing births minus deaths plus (or minus) net migration. This is important because it helps to determine which stage in the demographic transition model a country is in.

this is the tendency for growing population to continue growing after a fertility decline because of their young age distribution. This is important because once this happens a country moves to a different stage in the demographic transition model.

Multistage model, based on Western Europe's experience, of changes in population growth exhibited by countries undergoing industrialization. High birth rates and death rates are followed by plunging death rates, producing a huge net population gain; this is followed by the convergence of birth rates and death rates at a low overall level

Scientific study of human populations.

A measurement of the number of persons per unit land area.

people forced from their home due to ethnic strife, war, or natural disasters

the effects of distance on interaction, generally the greater the distance the less interaction

Maps where one dot represents a certain number of a phenomenon, such as a population

The length of time needed to double the population

Migration from a location (Exit migration)

Native or confined to a particular region or people

The shift from high death rates to low death rates in a population as a result of modern medical and sanitary developments. Also called the "mortality revolution"

Identity with a group of people that share distinct physical and mental traits as a product of common heredity and cultural traditions.

Growth whose rate becomes ever more rapid in proportion to the growing total number or size. Also called population growth at a "geometric rate"

The preference to have a son is so extreme that it reduces the survival rate of baby girls

Human migration flows in which the movers have no choice but to relocate.

A mathematical formula that describes the level of interaction between two places, based on the size of their populations and their distance from each other.

Movement of individuals into a population (In migration)

A series of improvements in industrial technology that transformed the process of manufacturing goods.

The percentage of children who die before their first birthday within a particular area or country.

the total number of immigrants who arrive in a country in a given time period

Permanent Movement within a particular country.

Permanent movement from one region of a country to another

Any forces or factors that may limit human migration.

the presence of a nearer opportunity that greatly diminishes the attractiveness of sites farther away.

Permanent movement within one region of a country.

A figure indicating how long, on average, a person may be expected to live

Expansion that increases by the same amount during each time interval.

Eighteenth-century English intellectual who warned that population growth threatened future generations because, in his view, population growth would always outstrip increases in agricultural production.

Form of relocation diffusion involving permanent move to a new location.