Chapter 17 - The Expansion of Europe

Open Field System

agricultural system present from the Middle Ages to the 1700s, where agricultural fields were open, unobstructed, and communal, where fields were farmed on a 3 year rotation to prevent soil exhaustion

Eliminated fallow

Farmers in the 18th century _____ to increase productivity by deliberately rotating certain crops restoring nutrients to the soil

Enclosure

the movement to fence in fields in order to farm more effectively, at the expense of poor peasants, who relied on common fields for farming and pasture

80

At least _____ percent of Europeans worked in agriculture:

Columbian exchange

New crops from the _____ increased food quantity, quality, and diversity

(2nd) Agricultural Revolution

18th century period of the mechanization of agricultural production, advances in transportation, development of large-scale irrigation, and changes to consumption patterns of agricultural goods

The Netherlands

_____ were leaders in the agricultural revolution due to their population density

Jethro Tull

English agriculturist who tried to develop better farming methods through empirical research, such as using horses rather than oxen for plowing and sowing seed with drilling equipment for even distribution at the proper depth

Selective Breeding

technique which agricultural innovators used to improve livestock

Proletarianization

the transformation of large numbers of small peasant farmers into landless rural wage earners; ultimately caused by land enclosure

Slow or stagnant

Population growth pre-1700 was:

High

Population growth post-1700 was:

Overall lessened mortality: better infrastructure, better public health, fewer wars, more/better food

Reasons for population growth:

Cottage Industry

a stage of industrial development in which rural workers used hand tools in their homes to manufacture goods on a large scale for sale in a market

Putting-Out System

the 18th century system of rural industry in which a merchant loaned raw materials to cottage workers, who processed them and returned finished products to the merchant

unrestricted with underemployed labor, poor peasants and landless laborers willing to work for low wages

Advantages of the putting-out system:

Textile Industry

Rural industry most successfully developed in England in the:

Industrious Revolution

the shift that occurred as families in northwestern Europe focused on earning wages instead of producing goods for household consumption; this reduced their economic self-sufficiency but increased their ability to purchase consumer goods

Guild System

the organization of artisanal production into trade-based associations, or guilds, each of which received a monopoly over its trade and the right to train apprentices and hire workers; exclusive in membership

Economic stability

The established guild system was mean to maintain _____ :

Economic Liberalism

a belief in free trade and competition based on Adam Smith’s argument (Wealth of Nations) that the invisible hand of free competition would benefit all individuals, rich and poor

Mercantilism

a system of economic regulations aimed at increasing the power of the state based on the belief that a nation’s international power was based on its wealth

Navigation Acts

a series of English laws that controlled the import of goods to Britain and British colonies

War of Austrian Succession

eastern European war fought from 1740 - 1748 over possession of Silesia between Austria’s Maria Theresa and Prussia’s Frederick II over Silesia; English and French intervention

Seven Years’ War

English and French conflict in North America from 1756-1763; decisive victory for England

Treaty of Paris

the treaty that ended the Seven Years’ War in Europe and the colonies in 1763, and ratified British victory on all colonial fronts

Sugar and coffee

After the Treaty of Paris, French still stood strong in the _____ colonial trades:

Debt Peonage

a form of serfdom used in Spanish colonies that allowed a planter or rancher to keep his workers or slaves in perpetual debt bondage by periodically advancing food, shelter, and a little money

Transatlantic Slave Trade

the forced migration of Africans across the Atlantic for slave labor on plantations and in other industries; trade reached its peak in the 18th century and ultimately involved more than 12 million Africans

Triangular Trade

trading system developed where African slaves would produce raw materials in the Americas to be manufactured in Europe

Abolished

The British _____ the slave trade in 1807:

Creole

someone of Spanish ancestry born in the Americas

mixed-race

European men often married indigenous women, creating a New World society with _____ peoples of differing social statuses:

India

Britain gained dominance over much of _____ by 1805:

convicted prisoners

Britain settled Australia in the late 18th century by establishing their first colonies made up of: