PSIO 241 CH 5 cont..

transmits program to primary motor cortex for commands to the motor neurons that supply relevant muscles of the larynx, tongue, cheeks, and lips for speaking (motor activity)

• near primary cortex

permits recognition of spoken and written language

• when we intent to speak, area formulates phrases and transmits plan of speech to Broca’s area

Functions:

• inhibiting muscle tone throughout the body

• selecting and maintaining purposeful motor activity

• suppressing unwanted patterns of movement

• coordinate slow, sustained contractions

- consists of several masses of gray matter located deep within white matter

- act by modifying ongoing activity in motor pathways

cause: loss of dopamine producing neurons in basal ganglia

symptoms: tremors, rigidity, lack of motor initiation, bradykinesia, impaired balance, speech issues

body mapped on brain

reinforces voluntary motor behavior initiated by motor cortex

• serves as “relay station” and synaptic integrating center for sensory input

• helps direct attention to stimuli of interest

• capable of crude awareness of sensations but cannot distinguish their location or intensity

important link between the autonomic nervous system and endocrine system

• collection of nuclei and associated fibers that lie beneath the thalamus

• integrating center for homeostatic functions

• brain area most involved in directly regulating internal environment

• controls body temperature and food intake

• controls thirst and urine output

• serves as a major autonomic coordinating center

• plays role in emotional and behavioral patterns

• participates in sleep-wake cycle

• has many endocrine and reproductive functions

integrates balance and eye movements

• receives inputs from many CNS structures including the vestibular apparatus of the inner ear, the spinal cord, and the cerebral cortex

• it contains centers that control cardiovascular, respiratory, and digestive function

• regulates postural muscle reflexes

• controls the overall degree of cortical alertness

• plays a role in the sleep-wake cycle

- the brain stem is link between the spinal cord and higher brain levels

- consists of bid rain, pons, and medulla oblongata

controls sympathetic and parasympathetic activity

• acts as a somatosensory filter

• sends output to cerebral cortex for spousal and activation (reticular activating system)

- originates in the brain stem

includes portions of the cerebral lobes, the basal nuclei, the thalamus, and the hypothalamus

subjective feelings and moods and the physical responses associated with these feelings

aimed at survival and perpetuation of the species. (ex: human instinct scared of snakes)

directing behavior toward goals.

acquiring knowledge or skills as a result of experience and/or instruction.

storage of acquired knowledge later use.

lasts for seconds to hours

retained for days to years

the transfer of short-term memory traces into long-term memory stores (hippocampus)

“What-type memories,” processed in the hippocampus and associated structures

“How to memories,” processed in the cerebellum

The _ serves as a temporary storage  area associated with planning, problem solving, organizing, and inhibiting impulses.

serves as the link between the brain and peripheral nervous system

• integrating center for spinal reflexes

• 31 pairs of spinal nerves emerge from spinal cord through spaces between adjacent vertebrae

contain both afferent and efferent fibers

carries afferent/sensory information

carries efferent/motor information

• White matter is organized into nerve tracts.

• Tracts are bundles of nerve fibers with a similar function.

• Each tracts begins or ends within a particular area of the brain

transmit afferent, sensory input (up to brain)

- white matter

relay efferent, motor output (down brain)

- white matter

cell bodies of neurons for sensory processing

- gray matter

cell bodies of alpha motor neurons supplying skeletal muscles

- gray matter

Any response that occurs automatically without conscious effort

- can be somatic (skeletal muscle) or visceral (organs, glands, smooth  muscle)

Built-in, unlearned responses

Result of practice and learning

the neural pathway involved in accomplishing reflex activity

basic components:

–Receptor

–Afferent pathway

–Integrating center

–Efferent pathway

–Effector

skeletal muscle

organs, glands, and smooth muscle

- supplementary motor area

- premotor cortex

- posterior parietal cortex

• cerebellum and basal nuclei also influence motor function