combined

• establish justice, insure domestic tranquility, provide for the common defense, promote general welfare, and secure liberty for ourselves and those to come

• monarchs are usually determined by inheritance, they can be absolute or work with another body of government like a parliament

• dictatorships are usually in power by force, a ruler or small group with absolute power over the people

Direct: people themselves decide on laws like in Athens, usually smaller communities

Indirect: people decide on laws through elected representatives

Similarities: both give the people power

explanation: promotes majority rule without violating minority rights maintaining the willingness to compromise and recognizing the worth and dignity of all people

explanation: is a model of democracy in which no one group dominates politics and organized groups compete with each other to influence policy

• example

explanation: is a model of democracy in which a small number of people, usually those who are wealthy and well-educated, influence political decision making

• example

explanation: when a diverse number of groups gain influence in a government, can be a problem because government is divided/pulled different ways

• example

• family

• media

• peers

• community

Hobbs: the social contract was designed to invest absolute power in a ruler to govern the citizenry ( strong absolute gov)

Locke: believed the social contract meant investing some power in the hands of the rules whose power would be used to protect his citizens’ human rights (limited gov based on power from the people)

describes a system of government where some powers belong to the national gov and some powers belong to the state

many people feared a too strong central government and feared a monarchy

• layered cake metaphor

• power is divided between state and federal governments with clearly defined terms with states exercising their powers without interference from federal gov

• marble cake federalism

• flexible relationship with the federal and state gov in which both work together and share powers

• definition: shifting responsibilities from the federal gov to the state

  • how is it used in the US federal system: states hold powers that are reserved only for them

• definition: explicitly stated powers of the national government/congress in the constitution

  • example: make laws, declare war, raise and provide public money+oversee its proper expenditure, impeach and try federal officers

  • approve presidential appointments

  • approve treaties negotiated by the executive branch

  • oversight and investigations

• definition: powers Congress possess that are not explicitly enumerated in the constitution (necessary and proper clause)

  • example

• definition: powers the government requires to carry out all the expressed powers (elastic clause)

• definition: powers that are specifically given to the states, not the national gov

• definition: powers that are shared by both the federal and state governments

  • example: power to tax, build roads, create lower courts

it allows the government to stretch beyond its literal description

• over congress forming a national bank/states right to tax it

• supremacy of national gov reinforced+reinforcement of necessary and proper clause

established the precedent that congress - not the states - has the authority to regulate interstate commerce

• flexible relationship between federal and state governments

• the federal government giving tax revenue to the states in order to fund interstate highways

deals with the division of governmental functions and financial relations among levels of government

the federal gov provides financial incentives for adopting certain policies and programs and withhold funds if states do not comply

money given to state and local governments for programs and projects with specific limitations on how that money is to be spent

funding programs that you do not compete for, even though you must submit an application and meet other specified requirements

sums of money awarded to fund a specific project or the production of a particular deliverable

an annual sum of money that is awarded by the federal government to a state or local government body to help fund a specific project or program

mandates that the federal gov imposes but gives no financial support to help make it happen

that was the case with “no child left behind” (public preschool for all kids)

delegation or transfer of power to a lower level of gov from a higher level

restricts the ability of individuals to sue states of which they are not citizens of in federal court

defines how the president and vice president are elected (elected together)

out laws slavery in the US

states cannot deprive any person of life, liberty, or property without due process of law, or deny any person within its jurisdiction the equal protection of the laws

granted African American men the right to vote

grants congress the authority to issue an income tax

allows voters to cast direct votes for US senators (prior was chosen by state legislature)

prohibition of alcohol

granted women the right to vote

changed the date the president and vice president take office from march 4 to january 20

ended prohibition

term limits for president

granted the residents of Washington D.C the right to vote

elimination of poll taxes

dictates what happens if the president is unable to do their job as president

gives all citizens 18 and older the right to vote

any law that increases or decreases the salary of the member of congress may take effect only after the next election of the house has occured

• assertion of natural individual rights and its grounding of political authority in the consent of the government

• declare war

• appoint military officers

• sign treaties

• make alliances

• appoint foreign ambassadors

• manage relations with Native Americans

• no central leadership

• congress had no power to enforce laws

• congress had no power to tax

• congress had no power to regulate trade

• no national court system (judicial branch)

• changes to articles had to be unanimous

• consent of 13 states

• Shay’s rebellion shows the weakness of the federal government given that they could not raise money to pay their veterans, or raise an army to fight shay’s rebellion

an interest group seeking to influence government for the benefit of its members

• established the US legislature as a bicameral (senate and house of representatives)

• senate - each state would have 2 representatives

• house of representatives - amount is determined by population in the state

• there was a debate about weather slaves should be counted as part of the population to determine the amount of representatives a state gets

• the south wanted slaves to be counted, while northerners did not so they settles in the middle

explanation: government is authorized by citizens and influenced by what they want

• example: declaration of independence

explanation: legalized force is restricted through delegated and enumerated powers

• example: US, sweden, Canada, south Africa, Argentina

explanation: separating the legislative, executive, and judicial governments into separate bodies

• example: congress, the president, supreme court separation

explanation: a system that allows each branch of government to amend or veto acts of another branch to prevent any one branch from having too much power

• example

explanation: holds that the courts are vested with the authority to determine the legitimacy of the acts of the executive and legislative branches of gov

• example: supreme court determining if things are constitutional or not

explanation: a system of government in which the same territory is controlled by two or more levels of government

• example: national+state+local gov

protects against unlawful and indefinite imprisonment

all government to punish a party for a perceived crime without first going through the trial process (decidedly unconstitutional)

you cannot be punished for a crime you committed before it became a law

state courts respect the laws and judgement of courts from other states - marriages. drivers licenses

states the constitution and federal law generally takes precedence over state laws/constitutions

they wanted to guarantee that they would not lose their recently secured freedoms and rights

• during a land dispute the supreme court concluded the bill of rights only restricts the powers of the federal government no the state gov

• this led to an extension of parts of the bill of rights to the state

bill of rights can be extended to the states in some situations

spread to further extension of bill of rights

religion, speech, press, assembly