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Site
describes the characteristics at the immediate location
Situation
refers to the location of a place relative to its surroundings
Urbanization
the process of developing towns and cities
Suburbanization
the process of people moving, usually from cities, to residential areas on the outskirts of cities
Urban Sprawl
the rapid expansion of the spatial extent of a city
Urban Decentralization
movement of people and businesses away from the established city center toward the urban fringe
Edge City
node of economic activity that have developed in the periphery of large cities
Exurb
prosperous residential district beyond the suburbs
Boomburb
rapidly growing community, have a total population of over 100,000 people, and aren’t the largest city in a metro area
Megacities
have a population of more than 10 million people
Metacities
have a population of more than 20 million people
Megalopolis
describes a chain of connected cities
World City
cities that exert influence beyond their national boundaries
Urban Hierarchy
ranking of cities based on influence and population size
Rank-Size Rule
describes one way in which the sizes of cities within a region may develop, stating that the nth largest city in any region will be 1/n the size of the largest city
Primate City
city that’s the largest in its country, province, state, or region, and disproportionately larger than any others in the urban hierarchy
Gravity Model
states that larger and closer places will have more interactions than places that are smaller and farther from each other
Christaller’s Central Place Theory
explains the distribution of cities of different sizes across a region
Central Business District
the commercial heart of a city
Burgess’ Concentric Zone Model
describes a city as a series of rings that surrounds a CBD
Hoyt Sector Model
describes how different types of land use and housing were all located near the CBD early in a city’s history
Harris and Ullman Multiple Nuclei Model
suggested that functional zonation occured around multiple centers, or nodes
Galactic City Model
In this model, an original CBD became surrounded by a system of smaller nodes that mimicked its function
Latin American City Model
Places a 2 part CBD at the center of the city, a traditional market center adjacent to a modern high-rise center. The most desirable housing is located there, next to the developed center of the city
Southeast Asian City Model
The focus of the modern city is often a former colonial port zone. These cities might have a government zone or a commercial zone dominated by foreign merchants and ambassadors
African City Model
generalized diagram of an urban area that contains a European colonial CBD, a traditional CBD, and an informal economy zone.
Periférico
the outer ring of the Latin American city model, which shows poverty, lack of infrastructure, and areas of poorly built housing
Infilling
the process of increasing the residential density of an area by replacing open space and vacant housing with residences
Urban Planning
process of promoting growth and controlling change in land-use
Filtering
process in which houses pass from one social group to another
Infrastructure
facilities and systems that serve the population
Municipality
a local entity that’s all under the same jurisdiction
Mixed-Land Use
combines residential, commercial, cultural, or institutional functions into a building, block, or neighborhood
Urban Walkability
capacity of the built environment to promote walking
Transportation-Oriented Development
locates the mixed use residential and business communities near mass transit shops, resulting in more compact communities, which decreases the need for automobiles
Smart-Growth Policies
combat urban sprawl and create a new vision for cities that are more sustainable and equitable
Sustainable Design Initiatives
reduce negative impacts on the environment, and the health and comfort of building occupants, thereby improving building performance
Sustainable Design Zoning
integrate building form and public street design considerations with transportation options
Greenbelts
areas of undeveloped land around an urban area to limit a city’s growth and preserve farmland
New Urbanism
seeks to encourage local community development and sustainable growth in an urban area
Slow-Growth Cities
adopt policies to slow the outward spread of urban areas and place limits on building permits in order to encourage a denser, more compact city.
De Facto Segregation
segregation that results from residential settlement patterns rather than from prejudicial laws
Quantitative Data
information that be counted, measured, or sequenced by numeric value
Qualitative Data
based primarily on surveys, field studies, photos, videos, and interviews from people who provide personal perceptions and meaningful descriptions
Census Data
specific information about people such as population, race, etc.
Housing Discrimination
illegal practice of denying an individual or group of people the right to buy or rent a home based on religion, race, sex, etc.
Redlining
process by which banks refuse loans to those who want to purchase and improve properties in certain urban areas
Blockbusting
when people of an ethnic group sold their homes upon learning that members of another ethnic group were moving into the neighborhood
Housing Affordability
housing units that are affordable by that section of socity
Environmental Injustice
used to describe how communities of color and the poor are more likely to be exposed to environmental burdens such as air pollution or contaminated water
Disamenity Zone
poorest parts of cities that in extreme cases aren’t even connected to city services
Zone of Abandonment
areas of a city that have been deserted by their owners for either economic or environmental reasons
Squatter Settlements
densely populated areas built without coordinated planning and without sufficient public services for electricity and water
Land Tenure
legal protection of contracts to show ownership of land or structures
Inclusionary Zoning
offer incentives for developers to set aside a percentage of housing for low income renters or buyers
Urban Renewal
policy that allowed governments to clear out the blighted inner-city slums, which usually displaced the residents to low-income government housing complexes, and built new development processes
Gentrification
process of converting an urban inner-city neighborhood from a mostly low-income, center-occupied area to a predominately wealthier, owner-occupied area of a city
Urban Sustainability
ability of a city or urban area to meet the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs
Ecological Footprint
the impact of human activity on the environment
Suburban Sprawl
the rapid spread of development outward from the inner city
Urban Canyons
streets lined with tall buildings, can channel and intensify wind, and prevent sunlight from reaching the ground
Urban Heat Island
an area of a city warmer than surrounding cities and suburbs
Brownfields
abandoned and polluted industrial sites (factories) in central cities and suburbs; they consist of dilapidated buildings and polluted or contaminated soils
Urban Redevelopment
process that involves renovating a site within a city by removing the existing landscape and rebuilding from the ground up