APUSH Unit 6: The Industrial Revolution 1865 - 1898

• light bulb - extension of work day

• power plants - wider availability of electricity

mass production and captains of industry rich and powerful

advanced machinery: lesser cost of labor and electricity —> cheaper products, more sold

Cause: Eli Whitney developed interchangeable parts and Ford’s Plants

Effect: dangerous monotonous task 12-14 hrs

• Rapid profit growth for businessmen

• widespread corruption

• gov hesitant to regulate and court pro business

owned stock in various companies allowing them to control production, factories, and distribution network —> monopoly

complete control of an entire industry

monopolies within industry like Standard Oil Company by John D Rockefeller

• big company made up of small companies taken over

Mandate: Forbade any combination or conspiracy in restraint of trade

Effect: pro business Supreme Court often sided with large businesses but labor unions were deemed restrictive

Social Darwinism- theory of evolution to argue that in business, unrestricted competition allowed only the fittest to survive

• supported gov assisting business but regulating

• concentration of wealth was natural result of capitalism

• great wealth = great social responsibility

philanthropy to build libraries and museums or fund medical research

Protestants goals to promote public health and education improve lives of poor and slums as well as abolish child labor and limit work hours

manufacturers hired women, children, and immigrant for cheap —> crime, disease, non livable housing

railroad lines, streetcars, subways —> middle class living in nicer suburbs and commuted to work

Immigrants from Europe and Black and Latino

• helped poor find homes and jobs

• apply for citizenship and voting rights

• built parks and funded public service

• constructed roads and sewage

  Purpose: community members vote as instructed and donate

• Embezzlement through extortion and construction projects

• leader of Tammy Hall political machine

• helped immigrants for votes

• revealed by journalists and convicted

What: national organized workers from various skill and craft

Purpose:

• 8 hr workday

• equal pay for equal work (gender)

• child labor laws

• safety and sanitary codes

• federal income tax

• gov ownership of rail and telegraph

Violence and political radicalism

What: labor demonstration in Chicago, bomb went off, killing police blamed on union

What: protested wage cut and not allowed union

Effect: workers replaced and Pinkerton Detective force sent to prevent protesting —> death —> state milita ended it

Why: wage cut and increase in cost of housing

What: American railway association joined, 250k, shut down rail travel in 27 states

American Railway Association president Debs refused to end strike, was jailed

Debs became active in socialist movement influenced by Karl Marx’s Communist Manifesto.

What: Confederation of skilled trade unions, excluded minorities

Goals: higher wages and shorter workdays

• charitable middles class

• lobbied for building safety codes, better sanitation, public schools

Community centers for schooling, childcare, and cultural activities

Hull House, Jane Addams: taught immigrants too, increased gov services in slums

• luxury and leisure

• sport, theater, vaudeville, movies, popular novels and newspapers

  • Joseph Pulitzer and William Hearst

North

• machinery mostly affected North

South

• Textile mills

• tobacco pressing plants

• farmers

Black and white farmers rented land by crop lien system designed to keep poor in constant debt (slavery)

• numerous discriminatory laws

• ruled 15 amendment did not protect blacks, need to seek equality at state level

businesses and public facilities couldn’t be segregated

federal gov did have job to maintain social equality

separate but equal legal

set back equal rights made in reconstruction

southern black man born into slavery

promoted economic independence and funded training school, Tuskegee Institute

• 1863-1869 immigrants, freedpeople and vets worked on Transcontinental Railroad

• depot towns —> vital cities connecting them to civilization

• accelerated industrial revolution: ideas and tech advances from east

• first standardized method of time with time zones

battle between Railroad bounty hunters and Native Americans, federal army overpowered NA

1890 census progressive historian declared american frontier gone

1. shaping American character

2. defining American spirit

3. fostering democracy

4. proving safety valve for economic distress in urban industrial centers

Cause: wanted to attract settlers to develop in the West

Mandate: gov offered 160 acres to cultivate and live there for 5 yrs

Effect: took Native American land, agricultural science grew

Native American tribe forced by US to migrate to smaller reservation in Idaho, Chief Joseph

study monitor and preserve wildlife fisheries

one of largest organizations devoted to conservation in US

forced onto least desirable land in tribe’s traditional homeland but failed to to inferior land, tribe mixing, and lack of autonomy

Mandate: broke up reservations and distributed land to head of each Native American family; 160 acres for 25 yrs to get American citizenship.

Purpose: humanitarian solution to “indian problem” to assimilate them into West but NA resisted

Wovoka promised through proper ceremony and magic, Western expansion would even and NA would live in peace

US troops tried to disarm Pine Ridge Reservation, Lakota killed

Everytime a new president takes office, thousands of gov jobs opened and Pres needed to fill them

Stalwarts - believed all gov jobs should go loyal republicans since it was a Republican office at the time

Half Breeds - qualified democrats should be able to keep jobs

Dismantled spoils system

Civil Service Reform

• Rutherford Hayes

• James Garfield

• Chester Arthur

Gover Cleveland - gov best when governs least

Benjamin Harrison - a lot of intervention

• Morrill Land Grant Colleges Act - agriculture and mechanic colleges

• Billion Dollar Congress 1890 - Harrison appropriate $1,000,000,000 as the federal budget

Rails were price gouging so Court ruled that states could make laws with interstate commerce if serves public interest

Interstate Commerce commission to supervise rail activities and regulate practices

• Susan convinced Congress to introduce suffrage amendment every year, was rejected

• ASA - fought for woemns rights amendments

• industrial and agricultural production increased

• More supply = lower prices = farmer’s debt

allowed farmers or buy machinery and sell crops as a group to benefit from economic scale

led to the Farmers Alliance

• allowed women to be politically active

• turned into Peoples Party, Populist

• union with industrial workers

• opposed immigration

• more support for eastern laborers

• more domestic gov intervention

Populist

easy money supply would loosen control northern banking interest had on country

raised taxes on imported manufactures so as to reduce foreign competition with American manufacturing.

led to Nullification crisis

South Carolina nullified a federal tariff that favored Northern manufacturing over Southern agriculture

Almost led to civil war under Jackson

Good

industrialist wanted high tariffs to protect domestic industries

Reps

Bad

Farmers and laborers hurt by high tariffs

Demos

raised level of duties on imported goods 50%

William Seward to force France out of mexico

any intervention in the political affairs of the Americas by foreign powers is a potentially hostile act against the United States

America moving into regions to do business

US takes control of another country

US had traded with Hawaii, then set high tariffs once Hawaii was dependant on US. US annexed Hawaii and Japan showed anger in WW2

Cuban revolution due to US high tariffs, US drove Spain out of Cuba

Granted Cuba independence and ceded Spanish territory to US

US given control over Cuban affairs

• Cuba could not sign treaty without US

• US could intervene in Cuban affairs

• US granted land to build navy

• Close call between doing duty to christianize and civilize vs British tyranny like

• US annexed, Filipino wages guerilla war but US gained control through violence

Constitution does not follow the flag

all Western nations to trade with Asia