Unit 4

• Alexander Hamilton & John Adams

• Middle states, New England

• Loose interpretation of Constitution

• National bank, protective tariffs

• Favored Britain

• Strong military

• Thomas Jefferson & James Madison

• Virginia, South, West

• Strict interpretation of Constitution

• Low taxes, aid yeoman farmers

• Favored France

• Agrarian society

(More federalist in nature) Jefferson sent James Monroe to France to ask for the Louisiana territory and Napoleon offered to sell it for a cheap price.

Led by Lewis and Clark to explore the new territory to map out the territory

Passed right before change in power and added new opening for federal judges and John Adams packed the seat with Federalist judges at the last moment (called Midnight Judges)

Supreme Chief Justice that believed in increasing the power of the national government and did many things to do that.

Madison didn’t want to appoint the judges. Marbury said that he had the right to the commission under the Judiciary Act. John Marshall said that he was right but Supreme Court was the final interpreter of the constitution and could declare law unconstitutional, which he did for that act.

The power of the Supreme Court to declare legislation unconstitutional

Maryland tried to tax the national bank into oblivion, but the government said they can’t because it is a federal institution and federal law trumps state law.

Began because of the impressment of US citizens by the British and the British aiding natives who were stopping westward expansion. Was won by the US and increased nationalism. James Madison was president when the US declared war

• Showed need for a national bank (expired 1811)

• Showed how weak infrastructure was

Stopped US merchants from trading with all other countries in an attempt to prevent war

Wanted to go to war with Britain

New England federalists held a meeting where they threated to secede from the union. Made the federalists look bad after US victory and led to the death of the federalist party

All territories went to prewar conditions, so no gains on either side. Didn’t address the grievances that led to the war in the first place

Proposed by Henry Clay:

• Protective tariffs to help American businesses

• Supports a 2nd national bank which expired

• Wanted to make federally funded internal infrastructure improvements

Made by Henry Clay to resolve issue with Missouri applying for state hood and tipping the power balance between slave and nonslave states. Missouri is added as a slave state and a new free state is created: Maine. 36 30 line is set as the boundary between slave and free states.

1. Established joint occupation of the Oregon Territory for ten years

2. Set the northwest limits for the Louisiana territory at the 49th parallel, establishing the US-Canada border

Connects the more western great lake states, meaning more people will want to move there bc they can send their goods outside of states like Ohio and Indiana

Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, Michigan, Wisonsin, Minnesota

Gives the land to the U.S for money and on the condition that they stay out of their land in the west (Mexico + Texas). Created to avoid war and properly marks the border between the US and Spanish territory

2nd Bank of the US tightens lending policies to control inflation. Causes many state banks to close. Farmers in the west are hit the most because of their debt and unemployment and bankruptcy is rampant. Angers many people who want reform. The whole country is hit by this recession, showing it’s connection

President James Monroe tells Europe not to interfere with the Americas. Said that:

• European nations would not make any new colonies or attempt to take back control over former colonies in the Americas

• America would count any European colonization attempt in the Western Hemisphere to be an “unfriendly act.”

A time during 1815-1825, mostly Monroe’s presidency. Only had one party after the fall of the Federalists

Linking of northern industries with western+southern farms which was created through advances in agriculture, industry, and transportation. Marks transition from agrarian to capitalist society

• Canals - Eerie

• Steamboats - Robert Fulton

• Roads - National/Cumberland Road

• Railroads - becomes most popular soon

Created interchangeable parts the allowed for large factories/mass production and the cotton gin that transformed southern agriculture

Large influx of Irish and German immigration in the early 19th cen. #1 pull factor was jobs

Didn’t like Catholics or Jews or any immigrants

Emerged in the North and included businessmen, bankers, doctors, factory managers. Had it’s own values such as temperance, religious fervor, hard work, and education. Had money to spend on leisure

The idea that a woman’s purpose is to stay and manage home, to raise children, and provide a safe haven for their husbands who went out to work

• A faction of the Democratic Republicans

• Expansive view of federal power

• Loose constructionism

• A faction of the Democratic Republicans

• Limited federal power

• Strict constructionism

Andrew Jackson, Henry Clay, and John Quincy Adams. AJ got the most popular votes, but none got a majority of electoral college votes. Clay put his support behind Adams to get him elected. Henry Clay as set as secretary of state which angered Jackson.

• Properly formed after election of 1824

• Andrew Jackson

• Limited national gov remaining as inactive as possible

• Individual state governments and private business should fund internal improvements

• Against national bank, high tariffs, and corporate monopolies

• Slaveholders/small farmers - Non Protestant - Working class

• Many immigrants

• Properly formed after election of 1824

• John Quincy Adams

• Stronger national gov with increased role in shaping the country

• Federal government support of internal improvements

• For national bank and protective tariffs

• Middle/upper class - Northern - Protestants

• Had major businesses

• Against crimes over immigrants

Passed during the final months JCQ’s presidency that put a 35-45% tariff on important manufactured goods. Was despised by Southerners who relied on these.

Developed my John C. Calhoun. Argued that if a state judged a federal law as unconstitutional, they could nullify it. Used by South Carolina to nullify the Tariff of 1828

Allowed the president to respond to any insolence from state with military action

Andrew Jackson hated it and thought it only hurt the lower class so he vetoed the re-chartering bill. Majority of US citizens loved this

The US wanted the Native land and moved them into the Oklahoma territory.

The natives questioned the constitutionality of their removal. The Supreme sided with the natives

Traded the land in the east for reservations west of the Mississippi

The trail taken by the native to get to the reservation land. Named this because of the death and sickness faced by the natives on the way

Jackson replaces hundreds of position with his supporters regardless of qualification

Emphasizing the importance of intuition and spiritual connection to the divine. Notable figures include Ralph Waldo Emerson and Henry David Thoreau

A series of religious revivals among Protestant Christians that emphasized righteous living, personal restraint, and a strong moral rectitude that would lead a person and society to salvation. Spread through Methodist and Baptist Camp Meetings and focused on how salvation is in your hands (opposite to last great awakening). Focus on romanticism, less on enlightenment logic.

Started by John Smith who saw visions and wrote the Book of Mormon. Was rejected by society due tot heir polygamy and after John Smith’s death were led by Brigham Young to Utah

Movement avoiding alcohol induced by the 2nd Great Awakening. The American Temperance Society in 1826 spread the movement and even some politicians got involved

Movement to bring an end to slavery and was influenced by the 2nd Great Awakening where some thought that the whole institution was a sin

Focused on education of children by arguing that the government should provide education to all citizens regardless of their social or economic standing

Was a prominent voice in the abolitionist movement. Published The Liberator, an abolitionist newspaper

An escaped slave who was a huge activist in the abolitionist movement

Called to address women’s rights in US society led by Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Lucretia Mott

Written at the Seneca Falls Convention expressing the grievances of women against society who treats them as 2nd class citizens

An organized slave rebellion in Virginia led by slave worker Nat Turner that involved him going from plantation to plantation and killing many whites. Him and his co-conspirators were killed

Farmers who worked their own plot of land

Loyalty to one's own region or section of the country