AP human chapter 11-12

the process where humans alter the landscape in order to raise crops

long term weather patterns in a region

the primary goal is to grow enough food to meet immediate needs

the primary goal is to grow enough crops to sell for profit.

practices in which farmers use large amounts of inputs to maximize yields

practices in which farmers use fewer amounts of inputs and typically result in less yield

heavy investments in labor and capital are used which often results in high yields and profits

the money invested in land, equipment, and machines

the farmer cultivates a small plot of land using simple tools and more labor intensive

uses low inputs of resources but has the goal of selling the product for profit

agriculture in which the crops are used nearly exclusively locally on large areas of land and minimal labor input

a form of subsistence agriculture based on herding domesticated animals

a form of subsistence agriculture in which people shift planting from one field to another, leaving a field fallow

large commercial farm that specialized in one crop

intensive commercial integrated system that demonstrates an interdependence between crops and animals

in regions too dry for mixed crop, farmers raise wheat

gardening on a larger scale to produce food in bulk

when fruits and vegetables are grown near a market and sold locally

agricultural activity involving the raising of cows and goats for dairy products such as milk, cheese, and butter

the geographic distance that milk is delivered

practiced in the Mediterranean-style climates of Western Europe, California, and portions of Chile and Australia, in which diverse specialty crops such as grapes, avocados

the seasonal herdings of animals from high elevations int he summer to lower elevations int he winter

commercial grazing of animals confined to a specific area

settlements where families live in close to each other with fields surrounding them

patterns in which farmers lived in home spread throughout the countryside

where buildings are organized close to a body of water or along a transportation route

used physical features of local geography along with directions and distances to define and describe boundaries of land parcels

created rectangular plots of consistent size

government organized land, areas 6 by 6 milkes.

each square mile in a township consisted of 640 acres

where farms were long, thin sections of land that ran perpendicular to a river

origin of farming, marked by the domestication of plants and animals

the process by which wild animals are cultivated into a resource supply for humans

the process by which wild plants are cultivated into productive crops, often with more desirable traits

first major hearth in southwest asia, extends from the mediterranean sea and continues along the tigris and euphrates.

crops and animals domesticated in multiple regions with no interaction among the people

global movement of plants and animals between afro-eurasia and the americas

began in 1700s, used advances of the industrial revolution in increase food supplies and support population growth

a series of laws enacted by the british government that enabled landowners to purchase and enclose land for their own use

the process of applying controlled amount of water to crops

a technique of planting different crops in a specific sequence on the same plot of land in order to restore nutrients back into the soil

born out of science, continues today. Expanded mechanization of farming and developed new global agricultural systems.

advanced in plant biology, foundation laid by norman borlaug

the process of breeding two plants that have desirable characteristics to produce a single seed with both characteristics

process by which humans use engineering techniques to change the DNA of a seed