Studied by 18 peoplenatural law
laws which govern human nature; used to study human behavior
social contract
an agreement where people give up their natural site for an organized society
natural right
life, liberty, and property; John Locke wants to protect
philosophe
applied methods of science to better understand and improve society; "Lovers of Wisdom"
Voltaire, Diderot, Rousseau
Who were the 3 philosophers?
laissez faire
supported by physiocrats in France; allowing businesses to operate with little or no gov. interference - not concerned with mercantilism (gold & silver) - wealth comes from making productive use of land - don't support tariff
enlightenment
revolution in thinking; through use of reason, people & gov. could solve every problem
results from the scientific revolution; things like curing smallpox/vaccine
What convinced educated Europeans to accept the power of reason?
new ideas on gov., philosophy & religion
spoke out against slavery
encouraged freedom of speech & education to everyone, not just wealthy
What topics were addressed by the philosophes in their Encyclopedia articles?
supply & demand = most efficient way for the economy to function (generates wealth & betters society)
Why did Smith support laissez faire?
if there is demand for goods, then supplies will meet b/c of economics
What did Smith feel about supply & demand?
protect society
administrate justice
provide public works
What did Smith believe 3 gov. duties were?
censorship
To protect against Enlightenment ideas, gov. and church authorities imposed___
toleration
Frederick the Great practiced religious___
Rococo
____'s art was personal and charming
Pamela
Richardson's novel ___ uses letters to tell a story
women
The salons of the Enlightenment were the work of ___
power
Catherine the Great, like other monarchs, did not intend to give up any ___
Joseph II
___ was called the "peasant emperor"
Bach
___ composed religious works for organ and choirs
serfdom
In central and eastern Europe, ___ remained firmly rooted
salon
gathering place in France; enlightened ideas were spread
enlightened despot
European monarchs use power to bring about political & social change
baroque
music & art style; grand & complex
upper class
Who was the audience for "courtly art"?
grand and complex during 1700s
intense emotion/music
dramatic detail
movement of bodies
What were the characteristics of Baroque's art?
personal
elegant
charming
delicate
bright
What were the characteristics of Rococo's art?
church; make a statement after the Revolution
Who commissioned Baroque's art style? Why?
nature within the Enlightenment
What does Rococo's style of art relate to?
self portraits
family life in town/country
What kind of art did the growing middle class (merchants/town officials) want?
ballets & operas
opera houses opened for paying public
What became very popular for the people, where was it performed?
ordered, structured form
What did music follow?
Johann Sebastian Bach
German Luther
wrote complex & beautiful works for the organ & choir
church music
George Frederick Handel
German but spent most of his life in England
wrote primarily for King George I
known for the work "Messiah"
peasants, middle class, mobility (aristocrats), monarchs
What is the status rankings from lowest to highest?
monarchs
reforms which caused taxes to peasants & middle class (negative affect instead of positive); motivated by the state which would improve the money & power; viewed position differently (take care of others)
mobility (aristocrats)
gain power from reforms; asked by the monarchs for a voice in the gov.; larger say in gov.; most opposed to enlightenment; became very wealthy & built massive homes
Note
Flashcard