BIO FINAL VOCAB FLASHCARDS

process by which a cell divides into 2 new cells

process of reproduction involving a single parent with offspring identical to the parent

type of reproduction in which cells from two parents unite to form the first cell of a new organism

a substance in eukaryotic chromosomes that is made up of DNA and protein

threadlike structure of DNA and protein that contains genetic information

series of events in which the cell grows, prepares for division, and divides to form two daughter cells

period of cell cycle between cell divisions

part of eukaryotic cell division during which the cell nucleus divides

division of the cytoplasm

the first phase of mitosis

region of a chromosome where the two sister chromatids attach

one of two identical sisters part of a duplicated chromosome

organelle in an animal cell that helps to organize cell division

the second phase of mitosis

fourth phase of mitosis

the third phase of mitosis

different forms of a gene

situations in which one allele for a gene is not completely dominant over another allele for that gene

different versions

ex. human skin color

have one allele for each gene

process by which gametes are produced

meiosis results in this formation

proteins around which the DNA is tightly coiled

DNA and a protein packed together

the tip of a chromosome

in DNA, the fit between thymine and adenine and the fit between cytosine and guanine

the process that copies a DNA molecule

a type of virus that infects bacteria

the process that can change a harmless bacterial strain into a disease-causing strain

a nucleic acid that contains uracil instead of thymine

a type of RNA that makes a copy of the DNA

the decoding of a mRNA message into a protein

the process that copies DNA and produces mRNA

a type of RNA that provides the structure and composition of the ribosome

a string of amino acids

the language of amino acids based on A,U,G,C in the form of codons

three consecutive bases that specify a single amino acid

each tRNA has three bases that base pairs to a codon

the decoding of an mRNA message into a protein

heritable change in genetic information

a type of mutation that only involves one or few nucleotides

a type of mutation that shifts the reading frame of the genetic message

selective breeding of plants and animals to promote the occurrence of desirable traits in offspring

process by which organisms that are most suited to their environment survive and reproduce most successfully

how well an organism can survive and reproduce in its environment

study of past and present distribution of organisms

heritable characteristic that increases an organism's ability to survive and reproduce in an environment

the physical breakdown of large pieces of food into smaller pieces

an organ that connects to the small intestine and is responsible for removing water from undigested material

a large muscular that continues the mechanical and chemical digestion of food

the tube that connects the mouth to the stomach

fingerlike projections in the small intestine that allows for greater absorption of nutrients

a enzyme in the stomach that breaks proteins into smaller polypeptide fragments

membrane around the heart

vessels which carry blood away from heart

vessels which carry blood into the heart

the upper chambers of the heart that receive blood

the only vein in the body rich in oxygen

the lower chambers of the heart that pump blood out of the heart

thick wall that divides the heart into two sides

the only artery in the body rich in carbon dioxide

a major artery which carries blood out of the left ventricle

tiny blood vessels with walls that are only one cell thick

the flow of blood between the heart and the rest of the body