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a need or desire that energizes and directs behavior

a complex, unlearned behavior that is rigidly patterned throughout a species

the idea that a physiological need creates an aroused tension state (a drive) that motivates an organism to satisfy the need

a tendency to maintain a balanced or constant internal state; the regulation of any aspect of body chemistry

a positive or negative environmental stimulus that motivates behavior

the principle that performance increases with arousal only up to a point, beyond which performance decreases

Maslow’s pyramid of human needs beginning at the base with physiological needs that must first be satisfied before higher-level safety needs and then psychological needs become active.

the forms of sugar that circulates in the blood and provides the major source of energy for body tissues. When its level is low we feel hunger

the point at which an individual’s “weight thermostat” is supposedly set. When the body falls below this weight, an increase in hunger and a lowered metabolic rate may act to restore the lost weight

the body’s resting rate of energy expenditure

the four stages of sexual responding described by Masters and Johnson - excitement, plateau, orgasm, and resolution

a resting period after orgasm, during which a man cannot achieve another orgasm

a problem that consistently impairs sexual arousal or functioning

sex hormones, such as estradiol, secreted in greater amounts by females than by males and contributing to female sex characteristics. In nonhuman female mammals, estrogen levels peak during ovulation, promoting sexual receptivity

the most important of the male sex hormones. Both males and females have it, but the additional testosterone in males stimulates the growth of the male sex organs in the fetus and the development of the males sex characteristics during puberty

a response of the whole organism, involving (1) physiological arousal (2) expressive behaviors (3) conscious experience

the theory that our experience of emotion is our awareness of our physiological responses to emotion-arousing stimuli

the theory that an emotion-arousing stimulus simultaneously triggers (1) physiological responses (2) the subjective experience of emotion

the Schachter-singer theory that to experience emotion one must (1) be physically aroused and (2) cognitively label the arousal

a machine, commonly used in attempts to detect lies, that measures several of the physiological responses (such as perspiration and cardiovascular and breathing changes) accompanying emotion

the tendency of facial muscle states to trigger corresponding feelings such as fear, anger, or happiness

a subfield of psychology that provides psychology’s contribution to behavioral medicine

the process by which we perceive and respond to certain events, called stressors, that we appraise as threatening or challenging

Selye’s concept of the body’s adaptive response to stress in three phases - alarm, resistance, exhaustion

under stress, people (especially women) often provide support to others (tend) and bond with and seek support from others (befriend)

literally, “mind-body” illness; any stress-related physical illness (hypertension, headaches)

the study of how psychological, neural, and endocrine processes together affect the immune system and resulting health

the two types of white blood cells that are part of the body’s immune system:b lymphocytes form in the bone marrow and release antibodies that fight bacterial infections; t lymphocytes form in the thymus and other lymphatic tissue and attack cancer cells, viruses, and foreign substances

the clogging of the vessels that nourish the heart muscle; the leading cause of death in many developed countries

Friedman and Rosenman’s term for competitive, hard-driving, impatient, verbally aggressive, and anger-prone people

Friedman and Rosenman’s term for easygoing, relaxed people

an individual’s characteristic pattern of thinking, feeling, and acting

in psychoanalysis, a method of exploring the unconscious in which the person relaxes and says whatever comes to mind, not matter how trivial or embarrassing

Freud’s theory of personality that attributes thought and actions to unconscious motives and conflicts; the techniques used in treating psychological disorders by seeking to expose and interpret unconscious tensions