Studied by 89 peopleWhat are macromolecules
Made from hundreds-thousands of smaller molecules
What process are macromolecules formed through
Polymerization/Dehydration Synthesis
Why is carbon such an important element?
It has 4 valence electrons, meaning it can bond 4 times. It is the only organic compound that can do this.
Carbohydrate Monomer
Monosaccharides (simple)
Carbohydrate Polymer
Polysaccharides (complex)
Carbohydrate Functions
Source of Energy (starches/glycogen)
Structure (celulose)
Carbohydrate (Foods Its Found In)
Pasta, Bread, Starches, Sweets
Carbohydrate Structure (Shape)
Ring (Hexagons/Pentagons)
Carbohydrate Ratio
1:2:1
Carbohydrate Elements
Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen
Types of Monosaccharides
Glucose, Galactose, Fructose
Types of Polysaccharides
Starches, Glycogen, Cellulose
Formula for glucose sugar
C6H12O6
How do we break apart the monomers?
Hydrolysis
Lipid Monomer
Glycerol, Fatty Acids
Lipid Polymer
Tri-glyceride
Lipid Functions
Store Energy
Water Proof Covering
Important for Membranes
Lipid (Foods Its Found In)
Oils, Butter, Meat
Lipid Elements
Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen
Lipid (Reaction to Water)
Not Soluble
What does the non solubility of lipids tell you about them?
Its Non-Polar
What is a saturated lipid?
When all the carbons are bonded once. (Full)
What is a unsaturated lipid?
When there are multiple bonds between the same molecules (double bonds). (Not Full)
What tends to be true about unsaturated lipids?
They are less orderly, missing elements, and they are usually liquids.
Nucleic Acid Monomer
Nucleotide
Nucleic Acid Polymer
DNA - Deoxyribonucleic acid (double helix) RNA - Ribonucleic acid (one strand)
Nucleic Acid Functions
Store + Transfer Hereditary/Genetic Information
Nucleic Acid (Foods Its Found In)
Like, everything
Nucleic Acid Elements
Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen, Phosphorus
How many parts are in ONE nucleotide
3
What are the parts to a nucleotide?
Phospate, 5 Carbon Sugar, Nitrogenous Base
What is a 5 Carbon Sugar?
Pentose sugar, Either ribose or deoxyribose
Why are the polymers of nucleic acids so important?
They tell the cell what to do, and are important for reproduction.
Protein Monomer
Amino Acid
Protein Polymer
Polypeptide
Protein Functions
Controlling Rate of Chem Reactions(Enzymes) + Regulate Cell Processes
Needed for Cell-Structure
Cell Transport
Helps Fight Disease
Protein (Foods Its Found In)
Meat, Fish, Eggs, Dairy, Nuts
Protein Elements
Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen
What two things do every amino acid have?
An Amino Acid Group = NH2 A Carboxyl Group = COOH
What does the 'R' represent in a diagram?
It is a placeholder letter, like the variable x. Since all amino acids have different make-ups, this used for later reference.
What are the covalent bonds of two amino acids called?
Peptide Bonds
What changes the specific functions of an amino acid?
The order they are linked together.
How many levels are there to a proteins make-up?
3/4
Primary (Protein)
The amino acid sequence (amino acids)
Secondary (Protein)
How it folds/coils (a-helixes/b-sheets)
Tertiary (Protein)
The final 3D structure of the protein (polypeptide chains)
Quaternary (Protein)
Multiple coming together (complex of protein molecule)
What is the difference between a monomer and a polymer?
A monomer is a single atom, small molecule, or molecular fragment that, when bonded together with identical and similar types of monomers, form a larger, macromolecule known as a polymer.
Levels of Organization(Smallest to Largest)
Atoms, Molecules, Macromolecules, Cells, Tissues
Structural Characteristics of Lipids
A glycerol backbone, 2 fatty acid tails (hydrophobic) + phosphate grp (hydrophillic)
Structural Characteristics of Proteins
They contain variable group of a carboxyl group, a R(varient), and an amino group
Structural Characteristics of Nucleic Acids
Long chainlike molecules composed of a series of nearly identical building blocks called nucleotides.
Saturated vs Unsaturated Lipids
Saturated fatty acids have hydrocarbon chains connected by single bonds only. Unsaturated fatty acids have one or more double bonds.
Relationship between DNA and proteins
DNA, RNA, and protein are all closely related. DNA contains the information necessary for encoding proteins, although it does not produce proteins directly. RNA carries the information from the DNA and transforms that information into proteins that perform most cellular functions.
What does 'Iodine' test for?
Starches/Carbohydrates
What does 'Benedict's' test for?
Sugar/Glucose
What does 'Biuret' test for?
Proteins
What does the term 'organic' mean? (In relation to what we are learning)
When it contains carbon
Is a water molecule considered organic or inorganic?
Inorganic
Is a glucose molecule considered organic or inorganic?
organic
What molecule gets added to a polymer to pull it apart into smaller monomers?
Water
What is the ratio of hydrogen to oxygen in a molecule of glucose?
2:1
What is the function of glycogen in animals and the function of starch in plants?
Energy Source
What is the name of a plant carbohydrate that is used for structure?
Cellulose
Which of the groups of organic compounds do not dissolve in water, and include fats, oils, and waxes?
Lipids (non-soluble)
Which of the 4 groups of organic compounds consist of a head and tails arrangement, and may be used for long-term energy storage?
Lipids (long-term storage)
True or false: lipid structure is a long chain of carbons usually surrounded by hydrogen
True
6 glucose molecules are bonded together to make a short starch molecule. How many water molecules needed to be removed via dehydration synthesis in order to bond all of the glucose molecules?
5
A cell is trying to replicate its polymer of Nucleic Acid in order to pass on its genetic information on to its offspring. What is the cell duplicating?
Deoxyribonucleic Acid
Which group on the structure is the group that gives this monomer its "identity" (what makes it different from other monomers of the same group)?
The Functional Group
A sunflower is growing in a pot by the window in the classroom. Every week it gets taller and taller. What carbohydrate is the sunflower using to grow more?
Cellulose (to grow)
The COOH is known as the...
Carboxyl Group
What is the NH2 group called?
Amino Group
10 Amino Acids are bonded together using dehydration synthesis. There are 9 total bonds that hold them all together. What kind of bond is there between the amino acids?
Peptide
Note
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