Studied by 0 peopleStudy Guide Key
☆\Info/ Represents information from Quiz Questions Bold Represents important information/main idea. [Brackets] Represents AI information/summary/anecdotes. (AI Info may not be accurate) {Braces} Represents actual study-guide questions "___" refers to the term name.
Sections: 7.11: 2-72 7.12: 73-105 7.13: 106-130 7.14: 131-143 Actual Study Guide: 143-197
American ideology in the 1920s and 1930s
1) Disillusionment with WWI, 2) Europe's postwar problems and 3) Soviet Union Communism, all made Americans fearful of being pulled into another European conflict.
[After WWI, Americans felt disillusioned and feared being dragged into another European conflict due to Europe's postwar problems and the rise of Soviet Union Communism, shaping American ideology in the 1920s and 1930s. It's like being hesitant to enter a chaotic party after a bad experience.]
☆ Unilateralism (American foreign actions in 1920s-1930s)
The U.S. often acted on its own through military interventions, private overseas investments, and occasionally entering a treaty. ☆ \They were mostly isolationists./
[Imagine the U.S. as a lone wolf in the 1920s-1930s, making its own decisions and not relying on others, like a solo traveler exploring the world without joining group tours]
Treaties of Disarmament
Republican Presidents of the 1920s tried to promote peace and scale back expenditures on defense by arranging these.
[Think of ___ like a group project where everyone agrees to use fewer resources (in this case, weapons) to promote peace and save money, like a budget-friendly peace treaty.]
☆ Washington Conference (1921)
Most successful disarmament conference and the greatest achievement of Harding's presidency.
☆ It initiated talks on naval disarmaments, hoping to *stabilize the size of the U.S. navy relative to other powers*./
These agreements led to three agreements which relieved tension: The Five-power treaty, the Four-power treaty, and the Nine-power treaty.
[___ was like a big negotiation to limit the size of everyone's naval forces, kind of like countries agreeing to keep their armies small to avoid conflict.]
Five-power Treaty
The nations with the five largest navies agreed to a ratio with a respect to their largest ships.
U.S., 5; Great Britain, 5; Japan, 3; France, 1.67; Italy 1.67.
The U.S. and Great Britain agreed not to fortify their ships in the pacific. Japan did not agree to this.
[Imagine the ___ as a pact among friends where the five biggest friends agree to limit the size of their biggest toys, but not everyone agrees to play by the same rules.]
Four-power Treaty
U.S., France, Great Britain, and Japan agreed to respect each other's territory in the Pacific.
[The ___ was like a pact among friends where they agreed not to step into each other's personal space in the Pacific, like respecting each other's rooms in a shared house.]
Nine-power Treaty
All nine nations at the conference (Belgium, China, France, Great Britain, Italy, Japan, Portugal, and the Netherlands) agreed to respect the Open-door policy by guaranteeing the territorial integrity of China.
Open-Door Policy
The principle that all countries should have equal access to any of the ports open to trade in China.
[Imagine a classroom where all students have equal access to the teacher's help - that's like the ___, where all countries have equal access to trade in China's ports.]
☆ Kellogg-Briand Pact
☆\Renounced the aggressive use of force to achieve national ends/. ___ was the greatest achievement of the women's peace movement when the treaty was signed.
For her efforts in ___, Jane Adams won the Nobel Peace prize in 1931.
However, ___ ended up being ineffective as 1) it permitted defensive wars and 2) failed to provide for taking action against violators of the agreement.
[The ___ renounced aggressive force for national goals. Think of it as a promise to play nice, but it didn't work well because it allowed defensive wars and didn't punish violators.]
U.S. and Latin America (Coolidge)
U.S. wanted to to advance American business interests here. U.S. investors were afraid the government would confiscate their properties as Mexico's constitution gave the Mexican government ownership of the mineral and oil reserves in Mexico. Coolidge's ambassador, Dwight Morrow, negotiated a peaceful resolution that protected American interests
Coolidge kept U.S. troops in Nicaragua and Haiti, but withdrew troops from the Dominican republic in 1924. As military influence declined, American economic impact increased.
[In the 1920s, the U.S. aimed to protect its business interests in Latin America, especially regarding mineral and oil reserves, and used diplomatic efforts to safeguard these interests while reducing military involvement in the region.]
U.S. and the Middle East (Coolidge)
Oil reserves were beginning to be recognized as a major source of potential wealth. Secretary of State Hughes succeeded in winning oil drilling rights for U.S. companies.
[Imagine the Middle East as a treasure chest full of oil, and the U.S. as a group of treasure hunters who successfully secured the rights to drill for that treasure, making them potential wealthy.]
Fordney-McCumber Tariff
Increased duties on foreign manufactured goods by 25%.
[___ is like adding a 25% markup to imported goods, making them more expensive for consumers, similar to how a restaurant raises prices on imported ingredients.]
U.S. Change in Finance.
Before WWI, America was a debtor nation (Imports more than exports). It emerged WWI as a creditor nation (Lent $10billion to Allies)
[Before WWI, the US was like a person borrowing more than they earned, but after the war, it became like a person lending money to others, which shifted its financial status.]
America and Debts
Harding and Coolidge demanded that their debtors (Great Britain and France) repay all their debts, but they objected, saying that they suffered more losses than the U.S. and that U.S. tariffs were making it difficult to repay.
Unpaid debts made Europe resent what they saw as U.S. greed, while this made Americans see another reason for isolationism.
[Imagine you lent money to friends who then asked for it back, but claimed they suffered more losses than you and found it hard to repay due to your actions. This led to resentment and reinforced your desire to keep to yourself.]
Charles Dawes
An American banker who negotiated a financial compromise that was accepted by all sides (The Dawes Plan)
[___ was like a financial mediator who came up with a plan to help everyone pay off their debts after World War I, similar to a financial counselor helping friends manage their debts after a group vacation*]*
The Dawes Plan
A cycle of payments flowing from the U.S. to Germany, and from Germany to the Allies:
U.S. banks would lend Germany huge sums to rebuild its economy and to pay reparations to Britain and France. In turn, Britain and France would use the reparation money to pay back their debts to the U.S.
[___ was like a financial relay race where the U.S. lent money to Germany, who then paid reparations to Britain and France, who in turn used that money to pay back their debts to the U.S.]
Herbert Hoover's Foreign Policy
He agreed with the people and believed in isolationism (Not preserving the securities of other nations).
[___ was like staying in your own neighborhood and not getting involved in your neighbors' problems, focusing on your own house instead.]
U.S. and Latin America (Hoover)
He actively pursued friendly relations with these nations. As president, he ended the interventionalist policies of Taft and Wilson by 1) arranging for troops to leave Nicaragua by 1937 and 2) negotiating a treaty with Haiti to remove all U.S. troops by 1934.
[Imagine Hoover as a friendly neighbor who stopped intervening in other people's business, like helping Nicaragua and Haiti become independent from U.S. troops, promoting good relations with Latin America.]
Japan (1930s)
They posed the greatest threat to world peace. They defied the open door policy and the covenant of the League of nations by marching into Manchuria, China.
[In the 1930s, Japan posed the greatest threat to world peace by defying international agreements and marching into Manchuria, similar to a bully breaking the rules on the playground.]
Japan and Manchuria
Japan marched into Manchuria and changed the name to Manchukuo, establishing a puppet-government.
In response the League of Nations did nothing but condemn Japan for the invasion, proving that the League of Nations was too weak to maintain peace.
[Imagine Japan as a bully taking over a playground and renaming it, while the adults (League of Nations) just scolded the bully but didn't stop them, showing their inability to keep the peace.]
Stimson Doctrine
Harry Stimson (1932) declared that the U.S. would refuse Manchukuo's legitimacy since it was established by force. The League of Nations readily endorsed ___.
[___ was like a big brother standing up to a bully, refusing to acknowledge the bully's stolen lunch money and getting the whole school to support him.]
☆ The Good Neighbor Policy
☆ Roosevelt's foreign policy in which \U.S. foreign delegation pledged to never-again interfere in the internal affairs of Latin American colonies./
[Imagine being a good neighbor who promises not to interfere in your neighbor's personal matters - that's what the ___ was for the U.S. and Latin American countries.]
7th Pan American Conference
1933, Montevideo, Uruguay. The Good Neighbor Policy was passed, marking a turning point in U.S.-Latin American relations, with U.S. acceptance of the nonintervention principle.
This repudiated Theodore's justification that interference was a corollary to the Monroe Doctrine.
[___ in 1933 in Uruguay marked a shift in U.S.-Latin American relations with the Good Neighbor Policy, showing U.S. acceptance of nonintervention, rejecting previous interference justifications.]
Pan-American conference (Bueno Aires Argentina)
1936, Roosevelt warned that if a European power tried to commit an act of aggression to the Western Hemisphere, the Western Hemisphere would be prepared to fight back united.
[Imagine the ___ as a group of neighbors agreeing to protect each other's homes. In 1936, Roosevelt warned that if a bully from Europe tried to pick on any of the neighbors, they would all stand together to defend themselves.]
Platt Amendment
Cubans resented ___ as it made their country's foreign policy subject to U.S. approval.
1934, Roosevelt had Congress nullify ___, retaining only its right to keep naval bases in Guantanamo Bay.
[___ was like a controlling parent, making Cuba's foreign policy decisions subject to U.S. approval, but in 1934, Roosevelt let go of some control, like a parent giving more freedom to a responsible teenager.]
Lazaro Cardenas
1938, Mexico's president tested U.S. patience/commitment to the Good Neighbor Policy: He seized oil properties from U.S. corporations → Roosevelt rejected corporate demands to interfere and *encouraged *American companies to negotiate a settlement.
[___ was Mexico's president who tested the US commitment to the Good Neighbor Policy by seizing oil properties from US corporations, leading Roosevelt to reject corporate demands and encourage negotiation for a settlement, showcasing diplomatic restraint and adherence to the policy.]
☆ Soviet Recognition
1920s Republican presidents refused to Grant diplomatic recognition to the Communist regime.
Roosevelt changed this (1933) by* granting recognition to the Soviets* in order to increase U.S. trade and boost American's economy.
☆ \Recognition did little to change the two countries' dislike and distrust./
[In the 1920s, Republican presidents didn't recognize the Soviet regime, but Roosevelt did in 1933 to boost U.S. trade and the economy, despite ongoing distrust between the countries.]
Tydings-McDuffie Act (1934)
Since governing the Philippines cost money, ___ provided the independence of the Philippines by 1948 and the gradual removal of U.S. military presence from the islands.
[___ in 1934 paved the way for the Philippines' independence by 1948 and the gradual withdrawal of U.S. military presence, similar to a parent letting their child become independent.]
Reciprocal Trade Agreements
President Roosevelt favored lowering tariffs as a means of encouraging international trade.
1934, Congress enacted a plan by Secretary of State Cardell Hull which gave the president the power to reduce tariffs up to 50% for nations that reciprocated with comparable reductions for U.S. imports.
[___ were like a trade deal where if one country lowered tariffs for the US, the US would do the same, kind of like a "you scratch my back, I'll scratch yours" arrangement.]
Tariff
A tax imposed by the government of a country or by a supranational union on imports or exports of goods
[A ___ is like a toll booth at the border, where the government charges a tax on goods coming in or going out of the country, affecting prices and trade.]
The Rise of Facism
Economic hardships of the Great Depression led to dictatorship in Italy, Japan, and Germany.
The depression led to high inflations, causing people to not afford everyday needs. People become disappointed in democracy and want other options, third parties like the fascists appeal.
[During the Great Depression, economic struggles led to ___ in Italy, Japan, and Germany as people sought alternatives to democracy, similar to how a frustrated group might seek a new leader.]
Axis Powers
In 1940 Japan, Italy, and Germany signed a treaty of alliance.
[___ were like a team of villains in a movie, with Japan, Italy, and Germany teaming up in 1940 to form an alliance, similar to how movie villains join forces.]
Facism
The idea that people should glorify their nation and their race through aggressive shows of force. ___ became the dominant ideology in European dictatorship in the 1930s.
[___ is like a toxic relationship where one person demands constant praise and uses aggression to control others, and it became the dominant ideology in European dictatorships in the 1930s.]
Bonito Mussolini
1922, Italy. He was the first Facist to come to power, leading Italy's facist party. He attracted dissatisfied war veterans, nationalists, and those afraid of rising communism.
They marched on Rome and established his power as "Il Duce".
Nazi Party
Germany's equivalent of Italy's facist party. It surfaced in reaction to the deplorable economic conditions after WWI and from national resentment against the Treaty of Versailles.
[___ was like a poisonous weed that grew in Germany's garden after a storm, feeding off the damaged soil of post-WWI economic hardship and resentment towards the Treaty of Versailles.]
Adolf Hitler
The leader of the Nazis. he used bullying techniques against the Jewish and used Facist ideology to increase his popularity among the disgruntled unemployed.
He got control of the German legislative in early 1933.
[Think of ___ as a dictator who rose to power through manipulation and oppression.]
☆ Second Shino-Japanese War
As economic conditions worsened in Japan, Japan's emperor was persuaded that the country had to invade China and Southeast Asia to take oil, tin, and iron.
July 7th, 1917. Full scale war erupted when japan invaded China. They committed atrocities like the Nanjing Massacre.
☆ *This was the first step towards WWII*/
[___ was driven by Japan's economic struggles, leading them to invade China and Southeast Asia for resources, ultimately setting the stage for WWII.*]
American Isolationists
Disillusioned with the results of WWI, they wanted to make sure the U.S. would never again be drawn into a foreign war. Japanese aggression and Italian/German Facism only increased isolationists determination to avoid a war at all costs.
[Think of ___ as wanting to build a protective bubble around the U.S. to avoid getting involved in conflicts abroad.]
The Lesson of WWI
Americans commonly felt that *U.S entry into WWI was a mistake. *
Gerald Nye, secretary of North Dakota, led the investigating committee which found that the Main reason for U.S. participation in the war was to please bankers and arm-manufactures.
[Imagine being a college student and feeling like joining a group project was a mistake, similar to how Americans felt about joining WWI.]
Neutrality Acts
Laws passed to make sure that the U.S. would stay out of European conflicts.
[The ___ were like setting boundaries to avoid getting involved in your friends' drama, to focus on your own priorities and avoid unnecessary conflicts.]
Neutrality Act of 1935
Authorized the president to prohibit all army shipments and to forbid U.S. citizens from traveling on ships of belligerents.
[___ was like a parent grounding their kids from playing with dangerous toys, as it allowed the president to stop sending weapons and forbid citizens from traveling on ships of warring countries*]*
Belligerent
A nation or person engaged in war or conflict, as recognized by international law.
Note
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