Renaissance Quest

Hugh Capet chosen king & starts a new dynasty based in Paris.  The Capetian Dynasty will last until 1328

Philip fought wars against the English to take control of the more French territories which expanded the french monarchs power to the greatest in europe

he created a court of appeals that increased his authority and reduced power of lords

he clashed with the pope and believed the king should have authority over religious affairs in France. To gain support for his rule, he created the Estates-General (three classes each with one vote: nobility, clergy, third estate).

English King Edward the Confessor died without a heir Caused a succession crisis, Aristocrat Harold Godwinson claimed the throne, William of Normandy claimed to be the rightful heir, Harold was crowned king, William prepared the French army for invasion and won

he took over england when they had no king, he brought many French influences into England, and took a census called the Domesday Book for taxation

he created a central monarchy, claimed land in France and created juries and common law (same laws in all courts), he also tried to impose control over the church but faced backlash and backed down

took the throne but spends most of his reign on the 2nd Crusade

the Magna Carta which grants rights to nobles and limits absolute power of the king

parliament system, with Two houses (House of Lords & House of Commons).

it was originally owned by moorish muslims, however after Ferdinand and Isabella got married they unified the north of spain under christianity

they could continue practicing their faith and had their own small position in government but they had to pay special tax

Francis was born in Italy. After having been imprisoned during a war, he had a series of spiritual experiences. These experiences led him to abandon all goods and to live and preach in poverty, begging for his food. His simplicity and love for others attracted followers, all of whom took vows of absolute poverty. The Franciscans became popular. Their calls for a return to the simplicity and poverty of the early Church were especially effective. They also did missionary work, throughout Italy and to the Muslim world.

The Dominicans were founded by a Spanish priest, Dominic de Guzmán. he wanted to defend Church teachings from heresy—the denial of basic Church beliefs. The spiritual revival of the High Middle Ages led to the emergence of heresies. supporters of these movements were called heretics. Heretical movements became widespread in France. Dominic believed that a new religious order of men who lived in poverty would best be able to attack heresy.

a court developed as a regular procedure to find and try heretics. The Dominicans became especially well known for their roles as examiners of people suspected of heresy

So, they would be put on trial to test their faith, A person might be questioned for weeks and even tortured If they confessed, they were often burned at the stake

the monarch expelled all practicing Jews and Muslims from Spain

it was a relationship between lords and vassals where lords would provide land (fiefs) and safety to vassals in return for military service

a section of land where a lord lived that consisted of farms, craft shops, and churches

free peasants became serfs who were legally bound to the land. Serfs had to give labor services, pay rents, and be subject to the lord's control in turn they were given land and safety

disagreements between the catholic church in the east (rome) and the orthodox church in the west (constantinople)

Seljuk Turks occupied Jerusalem, Christians no longer allowed to make pilgrimage to the city, Pope Urban called for Crusade to liberate the Holy Land Surprise attack captured Jerusalem and established 4 Christian Crusader States; success

Crusader state fell to Muslims so more crusaders attempted to liberate; failure

Richard I Lionheart (England) vs Saladin (Muslim) in response to Muslim conquest of Jerusalem Ended in truce: Muslims retained control of Jerusalem, unarmed Christians pilgrims and merchants allowed, no change

christians planned to attack again but they needed money so they sacked cities such as Constantinople, adding to the division between the Eastern Orthodox Church and the Catholic Church, but still did not settle their debt

When the last king of France died, England’s Edward II claimed the right to the French crown. The two countries then fought with battles taking place on French soil around paris

england, they introduced the longbow and won in the battle of agincourt

a treaty stating that the English King Henry V would inherit the French crown when French King Charles VI died.

a young French peasant girl named Joan (of Arc) heard voices and saw visions from saints (God?) to rescue France from the English, Led French force to break the Siege of Orleans, ending the war with french victory

she was accused for being a witch, burned at the stake (the french king did not save her), however was later declared a saint

1. thriving urban centers: crusades increased trade, fewer workers so survivors could demand higher wages = bigger middle class

2. wealthy merchant class: Wealthy families hired their own private artists, scientists, and explorers

3. Classical Heritage of Greece & Rome: were living amongst the ruins of the Roman Empire, study of Latin manuscripts introduces philosophies and literature

Worldly, rather than spiritual. A focus on the here and now

An intellectual movement that focused on human potential and achievements

The common language

Florence, Italy, Banking family, Entered politics, Patrons of the arts

Wrote The Prince, Explained how a ruler can gain and keep power

“Father of Humanism”, Poet

Wrote The Courtier (reflects how aspects of court culture were shared), Defined what it meant to be a “Renaissance Man”

Florence, Painter, sculptor, inventor and scientist

Painter, sculptor, architect and poet

they were rebounding from the bubonic plague, artists came up because of fighting between france, italy and spain

focused on realism and on some religious themes

relied heavily on the use of oil paints

focused on realistic details and everyday life

satire to compel people to attend church and study the Bible

described a society without greed, corruption or war

considered the best writer of the Elizabethan Age

Johannes Gutenberg, lead to widespread distribution of the Bible, People could afford the inexpensive copies of books, Literacy grows quickly