AP Human Geography Ultimate Guide (copy)

Transition zone between bioregions.

Interaction decreases as places are farther from the origin.

Closer places are more related than farther ones.

Developed by Walter Christaller, analyzing city locations and economic exchange.

Relationships displayed in regional, cultural, economic, and political phenomena.

Purposeful clustering around a central point or economic growth pole.

Number of things per square unit of distance.

Number of people per square unit of arable land.

Expansion, hierarchical, contagious, stimulus, and relocation diffusion.

Incorporate data layers for spatial analysis and mapping.

Utilizes satellites for location determination.

Theory explaining population changes over time.

Average number of children born to each female of birthing age.

Number of dependents compared to the working population.

Nations characterized by a shift towards manufacturing as the primary economic activity, leading to declining birth and death rates, rapid population growth, and increased urbanization.

Occurs when the birth rate equals the death rate, resulting in no net increase in the total population.

Graphical representations showing the age and gender distribution of a population, with each bar representing an age cohort and the shape indicating the demographic characteristics of a region.

The blending of two or more cultural influences to create a new cultural expression, such as the fusion of musical styles in the development of country music.

Refers to individuals who speak only one language, contrasting with multilingual individuals who can communicate in multiple languages.

Broad groupings of languages sharing common ancestry, such as the Indo-European, Sino-Tibetan, and Niger-Congo language families, which collectively encompass billions of speakers worldwide.

Culinary traditions vary geographically and are rooted in different cultural practices.

Various clothing styles reflect cultural identities and imprints on the landscape.

Culturally constructed traditions, like greetings, vary across societies.

Different types of religions, such as universalizing and ethnic, shape beliefs and practices.

India's social hierarchy with distinct levels like Brahmins and Dalits.

Governance structures like theocracy, Sharia, and secularism in Middle-Eastern countries.

Core principles guiding moral behavior and practices in Islam.

Stories and histories unique to cultures that define ethical foundations.

How property is utilized reflects cultural practices and influences.

Concepts of nation, ethnicity, and cultural identity.

Classification based on physical characteristics and its impact on societies.

Historical ideologies like environmental determinism and ethnocentrism.

Expressing cultural heritage to different audiences.

Bounded spaces with homogeneous cultural characteristics and fuzzy borders.

Every culture has a localized area where it originated or has its main population center.

Different dominant cultures replace each other over time in a single place or region.

The process of adapting to a new culture while retaining some aspects of one's original culture.

Complete change in the identity of a minority culture group as it becomes part of the majority culture group.

Efforts to research, understand, and protect indigenous cultures.

Pre-Columbian Native American population declined due to diseases of European origin.

Influences from English-language sources diminishing other cultures.

Provide military protection, administer foreign diplomacy, and regulate trade.

A single centralized government where ultimate authority lies with the central government.

Two or more sovereign states aligned together for a common purpose.

The expression of political control over space.

A minority culture group concentrated inside a country dominated by a different, larger culture group.

A fragmented piece of sovereign territory separated from the main part of the state's territory.

Standard oceanic boundaries for all UN member states ratified in 1994.

Antecedent, relic, subsequent, and superimposed boundaries.

Delimitation and demarcation processes when borders are claimed, negotiated, or captured.

Definitional, locational, operational, and allocational disputes over borders.

Open and undefined territory.

The shape of a country impacting its society and external relations with other countries.

Different shapes of countries like compact, fragmented, elongated, prorupt, perforated, and landlocked.

The addition of territory through land purchase or territorial claim extension.

Cities serving as the seat of government for organized political power exchanges.

Voting rights based on age, race, and gender, varying historically from state to state.

Creating irregularly shaped voting districts to favor one party.

Political economy where aristocracy controls land and wealth, with peasants working under debt peonage.

A form of government where the monarch is the head of state, but the leader of the elected parliament is the head of government.

Political-economic theory aiming to create a class-free society with state ownership of land and industry, and equal distribution of wealth.

planned violent attacks on people and places to provoke fear and cause a change in government policy

when governments use violence and intimidation to control their own people

timber, fisheries, and mineral and energy resources

requires lots of labor input, or is focused on a small plot of land, or both

requires limited labor input, or is spread across large areas of land, or both

where groups move seasonally to follow animal herds and native plants

agriculture based on the seasonal movement of animals

practice of driving herds between seasonal grazing areas

grazing livestock in a single large area

intensive mixed farming providing for all household needs

number of people per unit of arable land

techniques like drying, pickling, and cooking for survival

extensive agriculture where crops are exchanged for currency

sustainable farming without sacrificing crop production

method to cultivate land in arid climates, using freshwater

human process turning vegetated areas into deserts

influence of religion, family history, and societal support on agriculture

historical changes in farming methods and production

use of tropical hybrids and chemical inputs in Third-World agriculture

Research in biotechnology and food processing has made agribusiness a truly “big business.”

Increased economies of scale allow large-scale producers to achieve lower per-unit costs.

Factors combined to enable industrial agriculture, or factory farming.

Genetic engineering has increased the possibilities and productivity of global agriculture.

A synthetic hormone widely used in beef and milk production.

Agriculture is increasingly dependent on factory farms.

Farmers can certify their products as non-GMO to bring a premium price.

Organic farming avoids genetic engineering, pesticides, antibiotics, and synthetic hormones.

Focuses on ensuring small farmers are paid a fair price for their products.

Fish farming is a rapidly growing industry that small farmers can engage in profitably.

Land use is determined by the labor intensity of farming, with rings representing different types of farming.

The origins of urban places are often linked to access to resources or transportation, leading to the development of resource nodes and transport nodes.

Rural settlements can be clustered, where structures are close together, or dispersed, with significant distances between households.

Urban origins are defined by a place's physical characteristics (site) and its relationship with other locations (situation).

The built environment, including housing, plays a crucial role in human health and must meet safety, cleanliness, and aesthetic standards.

A model of urban structure with five rings, including the CBD, industrial zone, inner city housing, suburbs, and exurbs.

An urban model depicting industrial corridors and neighborhoods, showing ethnic variations and realistic urban representations.

Represents urban landscapes with suburban business districts and areas of industrial development on the urban periphery.

Represents post-industrial cities with dispersed business districts and a decentralization of commercial urban landscapes.

Depicts urban landscapes with distinct zones like the CBD, commercial spine, elite housing, and peripheral squatter settlements.