4.1-4.3 APWH

Invention that involved mapmaking & knowledge of current wind patterns helped to improve oceanic navigation

-Any map of the stars & galaxies
-Helped to improve navigation & safety
-Mariners relied on these maps to guide ships' direction prior to the compass
-Used skies to help determine their location
-Chart was divided into grids to help locate specific constellations & astronomical objects

-European traders linked Afro-Eurasia and the Americas
-This extensive trade transformed Spain, Portugal, France, & England into empires based on sea travel
-There was an increase in overseas travel due to more Europeans involved in trade, primogeniture forced 2nd/3rd sons to find other sources of wealth, & religious minorities seeking refuge
-Prior, Europe was connected globally via Silk Road, Marco Polo exploration, and early Portuguese explorers opened up trade near China

-Europeans measured the wealth of a country by how much gold/silver it had accumulated via selling goods but not buying much from other countries
-Used to maximize gold/silver coming into the country
-European states took active role in state sponsored exploration looking for wealth, land, & desire to spread Christianity (Gold, god, glory)
-Required heavy gov involvement

-Portuguese constructed a series of forts stretching from Hormuz to Malacca
-Aim of the fort construction was to establish a monopoly over the spice trade in the area and to license all vessels trading between Malacca & Hormuz
-Enabled Portugal into a global trading post empire, one based on small outposts rather than control of large territories
-Restricted trade in IO only 4 those buying permits

-1st European monarch to sponsor seafaring expeditions to search for an all-water route to the east as well as for African gold
-Under him, Portugal could expand only overseas and began importing enslaved Africans by sea

-Diaz sailed around the southern tip of Africa, in 1488. Feared a mutiny if he continued going eastward so he went home
-Gama sailed farther east than Diaz, landing in India in 1488. There he claimed territory as part of Portugal's empire. The Portuguese ports in India were a key step in expanding Portugal's trade in the IO

Portuguese navigator who led the Spanish expedition of 1519-1522 that was the first to sail around the world, proving the Earth could be circumnavigated & set up posts in the Philippines

-French, English, & Dutch explorers (Jacques Carter & Samuel de Champlain) all looked for a route through or around N. America that led to E. Asia & the precious trade in spices/luxury goods
-Didn't find gold but set up trading post & empire (Quebec & New France) for furs and missionary work; later claiming MS River

-French colony in North America built in 1608
-The French rarely settled permanently
-Instead of demanding land, they traded for furs trapped by Native Americans, resulting in better relationships but their settlements grew more slowly

-Colony built by 100 English colonists in 1607 in Virginia named after the ruling English monarch, James I.
-England's 1st successful colony in the Americas, & one of the earliest colonies in what would become the United States

-Dutch colonial settlement that later became "New York City"
-Became an important port town in the transatlantic trade network where dutch merchants bought furs from trappers in Canada & tobacco from Virginia planters
-Sent these goods to the Netherlands in exchange 4 manufactured goods that they could sell thru out colonial America

-Spanish soldiers and explorers who led military expeditions in the Americas & helped to conquer indigenous Americas via disease (smallpox)
-Infected these pop. w/ diseases that killed many Native Americans

-Interaction of the cultures of indigenous Americans, Europeans, and Africans resulting in the sharing of disease, food, and animals
-Native Americans had no immunity to European illnesses
-Europeans brought meat (pigs/cows), wheat/grapes, & brought the horse = transforming Native American hunting & food supplies
-Americans brought corn, potatoes, tomatoes, beans, peppers, and cacao to Europe (pop. growth in Eur) & brought cassava to Africa (pop. growth in Africa)
-Africans brought okra & rice to the Americas

-Trading of slaves from Africa to the Americas (increased as indigenous ppl were killed by disease)
-Sugar's profitability in Eur. markets increased the # of Africans captured & sold
-Sugar Cultivation Demanded the constant importation of African labor that were so numerous in Brazil their descendants became the majority pop.

-Plantations in Brazil dedicated to the production of sugar, meaning 'engines' in Portuguese.
-Used slave labor 2 maximize profits.
-Had poor working conditions and inadequate shelter

-Crops grown for sale rather than subsistence
-The Spanish noticed Portugal's success with plantation agriculture and returned to the Caribbean to pursue crop cultivation of sugar & tobacco
-Soon, sugar eclipsed silver as the main moneymaker for European empires

-Dispersion of Africans out of Africa
-Language: Creation of creole languages which were a mix of Eur & African languages (ex: Gullah)
-Music: Brought synocpated rhythms, gospel, blues, jazz, spirituals etc
-Food: Gumbo