Constitution and Articles of Confederation

Freedom of religion, assembly, press, petition, and speech

Right to Bear Arms

Protects citizens from quartering of soldiers in their homes during peacetime without consent.

Protects against unreasonable searches and seizures by the government. Requires warrants based on probable cause for searches and arrests.

Protects against self-incrimination, double jeopardy, and ensures due process rights for individuals accused of crimes in the U.S. Miranda Rights

Guarantees the right to a fair and speedy trial, the right to a lawyer, the right to confront witnesses, and the right to a jury trial.

Guarantees the right to a jury trial in civil cases

Protects against cruel and unusual punishment, as well as excessive bail or fines.

Protects rights not specifically listed in the Constitution. Ensures that individuals have rights beyond those explicitly stated.

Reserves powers not delegated to the federal government to the states or the people.

Limits the ability of individuals to sue states of which they are not citizens in federal court.

Changed the way the President and Vice President are elected, requiring separate ballots for each in the electoral college.

Abolished slavery in the United States, ratified in 1865.

Grants citizenship to all persons born or naturalized in the U.S. and guarantees equal protection under the law to all citizens.

Prohibits the denial of voting rights based on race, color, or previous servitude. Ratified in 1870, granting African American men the right to vote.

Allows Congress to levy an income tax without apportioning it among the states.

Ratified in 1913, it allowed for the direct election of U.S. Senators by the public, shifting the selection process from state legislatures.

Prohibition amendment that banned the manufacture, sale, and transportation of alcohol in the United States from 1920 to 1933.

granted women the right to vote.

Lame Duck Ratified in 1933, it changed the presidential inauguration date to January 20th. It also established procedures in case the President-elect dies before taking office.

repealed prohibition

term limits for president

allowed DC citizens to vote

prohibition of poll taxes in federal elections

established process for Vice Presidential takeover when president is unable

lowered voting age to 18

congressional pay raises go into effect next term

gives congress power to regulate interstate commerce

gives right of the accused to confront witnesses against them

Designates the President as the commander-in-chief of the armed forces.

prohibits gov from depriving individuals of life, liberty, or property without due process of law

requires states to provide individuals with due process of law before depriving them of life, liberty, or property

Prohibits states from denying any person within its jurisdiction the equal protection of the laws.

Requires states to recognize the laws and judicial decisions of other states.

Grants Congress the power to tax and spend for the general welfare of the United States.

Grants Congress the authority to pass laws necessary and proper to carry out its enumerated powers.

Protects individuals against unreasonable searches and seizures by the government.

Prohibits the government from taking private property for public use without just compensation.

Requires the use of a grand jury for federal criminal prosecutions, except for cases arising from the military or public danger.

Establishes that the Constitution, federal laws, and treaties are the supreme law of the land, overriding state laws and constitutions when in conflict.

name of confederation: “The United States of America”

state sovereignty ,each state retains independence, and all powers not delegated to congress

mutual defense, if a state is attacked, everyone has to help

interstate relations; addressos rights of citizens of each state and in all others; rules for recognition of legal proceedings between states

congress, establishes unicameral legislative body where each state appoints one delegate

powers of congress; outlines congress’ ability to conduct foreign relations, declare war, enter into treaties and alliances, and maintain relations with Native tribes

limitations of Congress; outlines congress's inability to raise revenue through taxes directly ,and requires nine state approval for certain decisions

obligations of states: details obligation of states to fund federal government based on value of its land

admission of new states: outlines process of new state added to confederation, requiring consent of nine states

governance of confederation in congress; details procedure of operation of congress, including appointment of officers and regulation of congressional sessions

sending and receiving ambassadors: outlines procedures for sending and receiving ambassadors and diplomatic reps

authority over military forces: affirms sole authority of congress to raise and regulate military forces and defense

articles are perpetual; articles last forever unless every state says otherwise

Establishes legislative branch, HOR and Senate, delineated powers and responsibilities of congress

• Only house can generate revenue law, senate can confirm nominations and treaties, both are required to draft, enact,  and veto a bill

Established executive ranch, powers and duties of president ex. Execute laws and CIC of military

established judicial branch; includes SCOTUS and lower courts; law interpretation

addresses relationship between state and federal govs, ensures each state respects laws of one another, provides framework for admission of new states to union

 describes process of amending constitution: ⅔ congress or constitutional convention of ⅔ states, then ratified by ¾ states

misc issues, supremacy of constitution, requirement for officials to take oath, and prohibition of religious tests to hold offices

details process for constitution ratification; constitution would become effective once 9/13 states ratified through conventions