Chapter 2: The Chemical Basis of Life

________ is a mathematical way of indicating the number of hydrogen ions in a solution.

A(n) ________ omits the lines that indicate bonds and shows the number of atoms involved.

________ such as zinc and chromium, are found at very low, or trace, levels in organisms.

________ resist pH changes because they can take up excess hydrogen ions (H+) or hydroxide ions (OH-)

________ and neutrons are located within the center of an atom, which is called the nucleus.

It takes a great deal of heat to break the ________ in water so that it becomes gaseous and evaporates into the environment.

The late astronomer and philosopher ________ frequently referred to humans as "star stuf ..

________ and ammonia are common basic (alkaline) solutions that most people are familiar with.

________ (Na), with only one electron in its third shell, usually gives up an electron; thus,

The ________ is used to indicate the acidity or basicity of a solution.

________ are in a constant state of motion, so their estimated location is often shown as a cloud.

Water may also dissolve ________, such as long chains of glucose, by forming hydrogen bonds with them.

________ and molecules contain two primary types of chemical bonds, those being the following:

A(n) ________ bond results when two atoms share electrons in order to have a completed outer shell.

________ and adhesion also contribute to the transport of water in plants.

________ is due to waters polarity; the positive and negative poles of water molecules cause them to adhere to other polar surfaces.

Negatively charged ions often have names that end in "ide, "and thus, ________ is called a chloride ion.

________ can exist as a solid, liquid, gas, or plasma.

As tracers to detect ________ or to destroy abnormal or infectious cells.

When supernovas occur, they scatter heavier elements into space, where they eventually are involved in the ________.

Elements such as phosphorus, ________, and sulfur may also be found in abundance in living organisms.

________ from radioactive isotopes has been used for many years to sterilize medical and dental equipment.

________ dissociates almost completely; therefore, it is called a strong acid.

A(n) ________ occurs when two atoms share two pairs of electrons.

________ causes the bond to become polar.

A substance that can not be broken down into other substances by ________ means.

________ have a higher concentration of H+ ions than OH- ions.

A nucleus with ________ is unstable and may decay and emit radiation; Although.

The number of ________ makes an atom unique and may be used to identify which element the atom belongs to.

A(n) ________ that states that elements consist of tiny particles called atoms.

________ in the environment can cause harmful chemical changes in cells, damage DNA, and cause cancer.

________ differ in their electronegativity- that is, their affinity for electrons in a covalent bond.

They are sometimes several different structures that can be formed based on a(n) ________.

________ are very important to organisms.

The release of ________ following a nuclear power plant accident can have far- reaching and long- lasting effects on human health.

Due to waters ________ and hydrogen- bonding ability, water dissolves a significant number of substances.

The ________ shell determines chemical reactivity.

Each ________ can engage in as many as four hydrogen bonds.

A(n) ________ is made mostly of three types of subatomic particles.

________ and neutrons are assigned one mass unit each.

The ________ shared between two atoms in a covalent bond are not always shared equally.

Due to cohesion and ________, liquid water is an excellent transport system.

________ is the main force that causes water to have high surface tension.

The discrete ________ are known as Electron shells.

is called a chloride ion

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It takes a great deal of heat to break the hydrogen bonds in water so that it becomes gaseous and evaporates into the environment

ions

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ions than H+ ions

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______ is anything that has mass and takes up space. It can exist in three states: solid, liquid, or gas.

An ________ is a substance that cannot be broken down into simpler substances by chemical means.

The _______ is the central organelle of a eukaryotic cell that contains the genetic material in the form of chromosomes. It is responsible for regulating gene expression and controlling the cell's activities.

An _______ is a variant of an element that has the same number of protons but a different number of neutrons in its nucleus.

A __________ is the smallest unit of a chemical compound that retains its chemical properties. It is made up of two or more atoms held together by chemical bonds.

A _______ is a substance formed by chemically combining two or more elements in definite proportions.

A ___________ bond is a type of chemical bond that occurs when a hydrogen atom is attracted to an electronegative atom, such as oxygen, nitrogen, or fluorine, in a different molecule or within the same molecule. It is a weak bond, but it plays a crucial role in many biological processes, such as protein folding and DNA replication.