Anatomy Lecture Exam 4

A

B

C

D

E

F

G

H

I

J

K

L

M

N

O

P

Q

R

S

T

U

V

W

X

Y

Z

AA

AB

B.C

CD

AC

in cells (largest component of water)

outside of cells

between cells; not in blood

fluid portion of blood

• higher O2

• lower CO2

• higher dissolved proteins

• lower O2

• higher CO2

• lower dissolved proteins

• albumins (60%)

• globulins (35%)

• fibrinogen (4%)

• regulatory proteins ( < 1%)

major contributors to osmotic pressure of plasma; transport lipids, steroid hormones and thyroid hormones

• help keep blood inside blood vessels by regulating osmotic pressure / factors

• largest component

plasma proteins that transport ions, hormones, lipids; immune functions

• transport globulins

• immunoglobulins

plasma proteins that forms blood clots by converting to fibrin.

• serum

• anticoagulants

plasma with clotting proteins removed

compounds that prevent fibrin formation

• RBCs (99.9%)

• WBCs ( < 0.1%)

• platelets ( < 0.1%)

erythrocytes

leukocytes

• neutrophils

• eosinophils

• basophils

• lymphocytes

• monocytes

thrombocytes

% of blood sample volume made of erythrocytes

• anemia

• blood loss

• micronutrient deficiency

• chronic infection

• dehydration

• polycythemia

• lung / heart disease

• biconcave disc

  • large SA

  • flexible

• lack most organelles

  • anucleated

  • no mitochondria

• contain hemoglobin: respiratory pigment

RBCs stacked on top of each other

has 4 heme units

where O2 and Co2 will bind to Hb

pH will impact binding affinity of O2 to Hb

• changes in Hb O2 affinity due to pH changes

• decreased pH Hb release O2

• increased pH Hb take up O2

too much CO2

too little CO2

low pH and HCO3-

high pH and HCO3-

• genetically determined

• based on RBC surface antigens

• antibodies produced against non-self antigens

• donor/recipient compatibility

• Rh+

• Rh-

• anti Rh antibodies only produces when Rh- individuals are exposed to Rh antigens

RBC have Rh surface antigens

RBC lack Rh surface antigens

universal donor

universal recipient

• pregnancy: Rh- mother; Rh+ fetus

• blood transfusion

when antibody meets specific antigen

clumping of RBCs and antibodies

rupturing of RBCs

• cross-reaction

• agglutination

• hemolysis

leukocytes squeeze between endothelial cells to leave capillaries

chemical signals that attract leukocytes to infections

lack cytoplasmic granules

• monocytes

• lymphocytes

large cells; kidney-shaped nucleus

• use chemotaxis

• attract fibroblasts to encase pathogen in collagen

• produce scar tissue

round nucleus; responsible for specific immunity

• primary cells of lymphatic system

• can differentiate in into: T, B and NK cells

enter tissues to directly attack pathogens

produce plasma cells that secrete antibodies

attack abnormal cells; immune surveillance

have cytoplasmic granules

• neutrophils

• eosinophils

• basophils

multilobed nucleus

• granules are vacuoles w/lysosomal enzymes and bactericidal compounds

• phagocytotic

• short-lived- will secrete chemotaxic chemicals upon death

bilobed nucleus

• attack objects marked with antibodies

• involved w/ allergies and/or parasites

• secrete compounds that reduce inflammation

very high density of granules

• histamine

• heparin

dilate blood vessels to enable diapedesis

prevents blood clots

• derived from megakaryocytes

• hemostasis

• clump together to form a platelet plus using fibrin

• contain actin and myosin that function to contract clot

fragment forming bits & pieces of membrane-encolsed packets of chemicals

blood clotting

general process of blood cell formation; red marrow; yellow marrow can be converted to red

• NK cells

• T cells

• B cells

• neutrophils

• basophils

• eosinophil

• macrophages

• megakaryocyte

  • platelets

• erythrocytes

erythrocytes formation

• in red marrow

• requires Vitamin B12, amino cards, and Fe

• Erythropoietin

glycoprotein hormone by kidney and liver in response to low O2; hypoxia

• stimulates erythroblast and stem cell division rates

• speeds up Hb formation

differentiation of myeloid cells into leukocytes

• colony-stimulating factors

hormones that stimulate leukocytes production

differentiation of lymphoid cells into lymphocytes

• lymphoid stem cells will also travel to peripheral lymphatic tissue

  • thymus

  • spleen

  • lymph nodes

receive blood

send blood out

oxygen rich blood

oxygen poor blood

send blood to lungs