AP Bio Unit 8

a living component of a biological community; an organism, or a factor pertaining to one or more organisms.

the scientific study of the interactions between organisms and the environment

the long term prevailing weather conditions in a given area

a non-living component of an ecosystem, such as air, water, or temperature.

a place where an organism lives

an individual living thing, such as a bacterium, fungus, plant, protist, or animal

a group of individuals belonging to one species and living in the same geographic area

an assemblage of all the organisms living together and potentially interacting in a particular area

all the organisms in a given area, along with the nonliving factors in which they interact; biological community and its environment.

the number of individuals of a species per unit area or volume

manner in which individuals in a population are spaced within their area

a dispersion pattern in which individuals are arranged in patches

dispersion pattern in which individuals are evenly distributed

dispersion patten in which individuals are spaced in a patternless and unpredictable way

a listing of survival and deaths in a population in a particular time period and predictions of how long an individual of a given age will live

Type I (species produces few offspring but gives them good care), type II (survivorship constant over the lifespan), type III (low survivorship for the very young followed with high survivorship of older individuals).

a plot of the number of a cohort that are still alive at each age; way to represent age-specific mortality.

a mathematical description of idealized, unregulated population growth

environmental factors that limit population growth

mathematical description of idealized population growth that is restricted by limiting factors.

in a population, the number of individuals that an environment can sustain

concept that in a certain population, a high reproductive fate is the chief determination of life history

concept that in certain populations life history is centered around producing relatively few offspring that have a good chance of survival

an organism that makes organic food molecules from CO2, H2O, and other inorganic raw materials; a plant, algae, or autotrophic prokaryote

in the trophic structure of an ecosystem, an organism that eat plants or algae

an organism that eats primary consumers

an organism that eats secondary consumers

organisms that obtain their food by eating plants or by eating animals that have eaten plants

an organism that eats tertiary consumers

organism that consumes organic waste and dead organisms

prokaryotes and fungi tat secret enzymes that digest nutrients from organic materials and convert them into inorganic forms

a sequence of food transfers from producers through 1-4 levels

a network of interconnecting food chains

in ecology, a force that changes a biological community and usually removes organisms from it

carbon dioxide, methane, water vapor, nitrous oxide

process of biological community change resulting from disturbances; transition in species composition of a community, often after a fire or flood

amount of solar energy converted to chemical energy by autotrophs in an ecosystem during a given time period

a type of ecological succession in which a biological community arises in an area without soil. Starting from rock

a type of ecological succession that occurs where a disturbance has destroyed an existing biological community but left soil in tact

non-native species that spread beyond the original point of introduction and causes environmental or economic damage

the amount, or mass, of organic material in an ecosytem

behavior that is under strong genetic control and is performed in virtually the same way by all individuals of a species

is the result of both genetic and environmental factors

loss of response to a stimulus after repeated exposure

irreversible learning limited to a sensitive time period in an animals life

use of landmarks to learn the spacial structure of the environment

a response directed toward or away from a stimulus, there is positive and negative taxis.

a random movement in response to a stimulus

process carried out by an animal's nervous system to perceive, store, inter grate, and use information gathered by the senses.

an animal's feeding behavior should provide maximum energy gain with minimal energy expense and minimal risk of being eaten while foraging

is a stimulus transmitted by one animal to another; the sending, receiving, and responding to signals constitutes animal communication

nocturnal animals signals

visual and auditory signals

promiscuous (non lasting relationship), monogamous (bond between male and female parental care), and polygamous (individual of one sex mating with several of the other)

maximum rate of increase, change in N/N(time period)

stands for the different levels we study in ecology; Biosphere, Biome, Ecosystem, Community, Population, Organism.

rmax^N(K-N/K)----K is carry capacity and N is the population size for the logistic model. G=rN

rmax(K-N/K) or change in population over population. Ex: 100 rabbits, 50 born 20 died, increase is 30. 30/100= .3= r

Death rates that rise as population density rises and birth rates that fall as population density rises.

competition for resources, territoriality, disease, predication, accumulation of toxins

when a death rate does not change with an increase in population density

a close association between organisms of two or more species

a demographic tool, show the relative number of individuals of each age in a population

the situation, which results from the increased proportion of women of childbearing age in the population

examines the total land and water area needed for all the resources a person consumes in a population

occur in equatorial areas where the temp. is war, and days are 11-12 hour long year round, most complex of all biomes

a biome dominated by grasses and scattered trees, warm year round, rainfall is from 30-50cm per year, dramatic seasons, home of antelopes and lions, fires

are the driest of biomes, characterized by low and unpredictable rainfall (less than 30cm a year)

characterized by dense, spiny shrubs with evergreen leaves, also known as Mediterranean biome, periodic fires

marked by seasonal drought with occasional fires and grazing of large animals, mostly treeless, good for agriculture, N.American plains

marked by dense stands of deciduous trees that require sufficient moisture, includes most of the eastern US and central Europe

dominated by cone-bearing evergreen trees, such as pines and fir trees, the northern coniferous forest (or taiga) is the largest biome

marked by permafrost, very cold temps., high winds, and little rainfall, supports no trees or tall plants

(+,+) both populations benifit

(-,-) negative for both populations

(+,-) one species kill the other

(+,-)consumption of plants by an animal

(+,-)benefits parasit and hurts host

relationships with individuals of other species in the community

occurs when populations of two different species compete for the same limited resource

a species whose impact on its community is much larger than its biomass

The experimental factor that is manipulated; the variable whose effect is being studied.

The outcome factor; the variable that may change in response to manipulations of the independent variable.

In an experiment, the standard that is used for comparison

A value that does not change

The hypothesis of no difference, no change, and no association. A statement of equality, usually written in the form Ho: parameter = hypothesized value.

The hypothesis stating what the researcher is seeking evidence of. A statement of inequality. It can be written looking for the difference or change in one direction from the null hypothesis or both.

Full range of physical and biological conditions in which an organism lives and the way in which the organism uses those conditions