AP Psych Final Review

chemicals messengers stored in sacks in axon terminal; affect ability to perceive, think, feel, act/react, move

chemical messengers that are manufactured by the endocrine glands travel through the bloodstream and affect other tissues

The blood stream

measures brain waves

visual info

hearing

top of head receives sensing touch

Corpus callosum

Awareness of ourselves and our environment

24 hour biological clock (bodily rhythms)

Stage 2

large slow brain waves

eyes dart

paradox of a sleeping body with an active brain

SCN triggers release of melatonin from the pineal gland and causes sleepiness

control circadian rhythm

Learning that has persisted over time

getting info in our memory

forever (permanent)

capacity of STM, 7 bits of info

A methodical, step by step logical rule or procedure that guarantees solving a particular problem

mental shortcuts

A sudden realization of a problem's solution aha

A tendency to search for information that supports our preconceptions

inability to see a problem from a new perspective

tendency to approach a problem a particular way (usually a successful way from past)

a mental shortcut whereby people classify something according to how similar it is to a typical case

estimating the likelihood of events based on their availability in memory

clinging to one's initial conceptions after they have been discredited

the way an issue is phrased

spoken, written, signed way of communicating

smallest unit of language

40

rules of language

order of words in a sentence

ability to comprehend speech

early speech stage a child speaks —"go car"—using mostly nouns and verbs.

A method of self-observation in which participants report their thoughts and feelings

Sigmund Freud

Psychodynamic perspective

A medical doctor who has specialized in the diagnosis and treatment of psychological disorders

The smallest units of meaning in a language (prefix)

grouping info together

cerebellum & basal ganglia

hippocampus & amygdala

the base of the brainstem; controls heartbeat and breathing

the "little brain" at the rear of the brainstem; sensory/coordinating movement/balance

frontal lobe damaged

sensory receptors and nervous system receive and represent stimulus energies from our environment

organizing and interpreting sensory information, enabling us to recognize meaningful objects and events

conversion of one form of energy into another

the minimum stimulation needed to detect a particular stimulus 50 percent of the time

the minimum difference between two stimuli

diminished sensitivity as a consequence of constant stimulation

the process by which the eye's lens changes shape to focus near or far objects on the retina

cornea, pupil, iris, lens, retina, fovea

an organized whole

acquiring new and relatively enduring information or behaviors

the process of learning associations

a type of learning in which one learns to link two or more stimuli and anticipate events

ivan pavlov

Wilhem Wundt

Mental behavioral processes & conscious thought function an organism to flourish

how environmental influences can nurture or limit growth for the importance of needs being met

hormones

how we encode, process, store, and retrieve information

Looking at behavior through conditioning

Looking at psychology as a result of biological aspects

A testable prediction

study of one individual in great detail

watching & recording natural behavior of individual without interference

acquiring self-reported attitudes/behaviors of a particular group via random sampling to represent the larger mass

statistical index of relationship b/w two variables

research method where an investigator manipulates one or more variables to observe the effect/outcome

group exposed to treatment/ID

group not exposed to treatment/ID

computed measure of how much scores vary around the mean

neurons bushy, branch extensions that receive messages and conduct impulses

neuron extension that passes messages to other neurons

dendrite -> cell body -> axon -> axon terminal

brief neural impulse that travels down axon

a learned response to a previously neutral stimulus

a reflexive reaction that is reliably produced by an unconditioned stimulus

A stimulus that evokes an unconditioned response without previous conditioning

a stimulus that elicits a response only after learning has taken place

the tendency of a learned behavior to recover from extinction after a rest period

responding similarly to a range of similar stimuli

learned ability to distinguish between a conditioned stimulus and stimuli that do not signal an unconditioned stimulus

UCS = UCR, NS+UCS=UCR, CS=CR

Learning based on the consequences of responding

The principle that behaviors are selected by their consequences

BF Skinner

The reinforcement of closer and closer approximations of a desired response.

to encourage behavior

increasing behavior by the removal, escape from, or avoidance of an unpleasant stimulus

reinforces a response only after a specified number of responses

reinforces a response after an unpredictable number of responses

mental representation of the whole category

Expertise, Imaginative thinking skills, A venturesome personality, Intrinsic motivation, A creative environment