Chapter 3 (Campbell's Biology in Focus)

________ in a hydrocarbon atom are non- polar and are the reason these structures are hydrophobic.

________ directs RNA synthesis and, through RNA, controls protein synthesis; this is known as gene expression.

________ are macromolecules that exist as polymers called polynucleotides.

________ is known as adenosine triphosphate, this is a more complicated organic phosphate.

When there are no ________ between carbons on a carbon skeleton the compound is said to be saturated.

________ proteins- Response of cell to chemical stimuli.

A(n) ________ is formed through dehydration.

________ is stored in muscle cells.

________ called disulfide bridges further reinforce the shape of a protein.

________ is an alcohol and each of its three carbons bears a hydroxyl group.

________ is stored in plant cells.

________ is a molecule from which other steroids including sex hormones, are synthesized.

The phrase "hydrogen ________ "on a food label means that unsaturated fats have been synthetically converted to saturated fats by adding a hydrogen atom, removing the double bond, and allowing it to solidify.

A(n) ________ is known as a discrete unit of inheritance that controls the amino acid sequence of a polypeptide.

A(n) ________ is the building block that creates a polymer.

A portion of a nucleotide without a phosphate group is called a(n) ________.

A(n) ________ has a long carbon skeleton of usually 16- 18 carbon atoms in length.

________ have two polynucleotides or strands which wind around an imaginary axis forming a double helix.

In cells, their ________ are facilitated by enzymes.

________ and Beta folds are known as the secondary structure.

________ are macromolecules, polymers with a few hundred to a few thousand monosaccharides joined by glycosidic linkages.

________ are lipids characterized by a carbon skeleton consisting of four fused rings.

A(n) ________ has a polar (hydrophilic) head and two nonpolar (hydrophobic) tails.

The ________ by which cells make polymers (polymerization) and break them down is similar for all classes of large biological molecules.

________ are larger, with a six- membered ring fused to a five- membered.

A functional group affects the molecular function by being directly involved in ________.

________ are isomers that are mirror images of each other and that differ in shape due to the presence of an asymmetric carbon, one that is attached to four different atoms or groups of atoms.

________ (C6H12O6) is the most common monosaccharide.

In ________ isomers, carbons have covalent bonds to the same atoms, but their atoms differ in their spatial arrangements due to the inflexibility of double bonds.

________ consist of a glycerol molecule joined to three fatty acids.

Structural ________ in plant cell walls are composed entirely of glucose monomers.

________ are specialized macromolecules (usually proteins) that speed up chemical reactions.

A disaccharide consists of two monosaccharides joined by a(n) ________.

A(n) ________ is a biologically functioning molecule made up of one or more polypeptides folded and failed in a specific three dimensional shape.

A(n) ________ is organic molecule the both an amino group and a carboxyl group.

________ normally are hydrocarbons however some have polar bonds with oxygen.

________ involve interactions between backbone constituents.

A(n) ________ is a long molecule consisting of many similar or identical building blocks linked by covalent bonds.

________ generally have molecular formulas that are some multiples of the unit CH2O.

A(n) ________ is a compound containing carbon.

As a polypeptide folds into its functional shape, amino acids with ________ (nonpolar) usually end up in clusters at the center of the protein due to contact with water.

________ called lipids are grouped together because of their behaviour, they all mix poorly with water is at all.

________ are variations in the architecture of organic molecules.

________ are bonds between amino acids.

________ are the overall shape of a polypeptide resulting from interactions of the side chains or the various amino acids.

A(n) ________ is a polymer of amino acids.

________ differ in the covalent arrangements of their atoms.

________ consisting of only carbon and hydrogen are called hydrocarbons.

________ is a crucial steroid stored in animals.

The link between ________ and a fatty acid is called an ester linkage (it is formed through dehydration)

Selective acceleration of chemical reactions

Protection against disease

Storage of amino acids

Transport of substances

Coordination of an organism's activities

Response of cell to chemical stimuli

Movement

Support

Deoxyribolnucleic Acid

Ribonucleic Acid