quiz #6 ch. 12, 13, and 14

fear of high places

a disorder, like PTSD, that is characterized by feelings of anxiety and helplessness and caused by a traumatic event; acute stress disorder occurs within a month of the event and lasts from 2 days to 4 weeks

fear of open, crowded places

the diagnosis given a person who is in frequent conflict with society, yet who is undeterred by punishment and experiences little or no guilt and anxiety

disorders characterized by excessive worrying, fear of losing control, nervousness, and inability to relax

the tendency to attribute one’s behavior to internal or external factors, stable or unstable factors, and global or specific factors

a disorder in which the mood alternates between two extreme poles (elation and depression); also referred to as manic depression

a personality disorder characterized by instability in relationships, self-image, mood, and lack of impulse control

a psychotic condition characterized by striking motor impairment

fear of tight, small places

a disorder in which anxiety or unconscious conflicts are “converted” into physical symptoms that often have the effect of helping the person cope with anxiety or conflict

false, persistent beliefs that are unsubstantiated by sensory or objective evidence

a disorder in which one feels detached from oneself or that one’s surroundings are not real

a dissociative disorder marked by loss of memory or self-identity; skills and general knowledge are usually retained

disorders in which there are sudden, temporary changes in consciousness or self-identity

(formerly termed multiple personality disorder) a disorder in which a person appears to have two or more distinct identities or personalities that may alternately emerge

feelings of dread and foreboding and sympathetic arousal of at least 6 months’ duration

a perception in the absence of sensory stimulation that is confused with reality

erroneous beliefs that one is being victimized or persecuted

a somatoform disorder characterized by persistent belief that one is ill despite lack of medical findings

a French term descriptive of the lack of concern for their (imagined) medical problem sometimes shown by people with conversion disorders

a possible explanation for some depressive behavior, based on findings that organisms in aversive situations learn to show inactivity when their behavior is not reinforced

a serious to severe depressive disorder in which the person may show loss of appetite, psychomotor retardation, and impaired reality testing

elated; showing excessive excitement

refusal to talk

a disorder characterized by an inflated self-image, extreme need for admiration, and lack of empathy for others

those symptoms of schizophrenia that reflect the absence of appropriate behavior, such as a blank face, monotone voice, and motionless body

an anxiety disorder defined by recurrent, anxiety-provoking thoughts or images that seem irrational and beyond control (obsessions) and seemingly irresistible urges to engage in thoughts or behaviors that tend to reduce the anxiety (compulsions)

recurrent experiencing of attacks of extreme anxiety in the absence of external stimuli that usually elicit anxiety

a personality disorder characterized by persistent suspiciousness but not involving the disorganization of paranoid schizophrenia

enduring patterns of maladaptive behavior that are sources of distress to the individual or others

those symptoms of schizophrenia that indicate the presence of inappropriate behavior, such as hallucinations, delusions, agitation, and inappropriate giggling

a disorder that follows a distressing event outside the range of normal human experience and that is characterized by features such as intense fear and avoidance

patterns of behavior or mental processes that are connected with emotional distress or significant impairment in function

slowness in motor activity and (apparently) in thought

rapid speech and topic changes, characteristic of manic behavior

an irrational, excessive fear of public scrutiny

disorders in which people complain of physical (somatic) problems even though no physical abnormality can be found

persistent fear of a specific object or situation

a condition in which the senses, thought, and movement are dulled

a feature of catatonic schizophrenia in which people can be molded into postures that they maintain for quite some time

acting to relieve depression

a historic institution for the care of the mentally ill

a behavior-therapy technique in which undesired responses are inhibited by pairing repugnant or offensive stimuli with them

systematic application of the principles of learning to the direct modification of a client’s problem behaviors

the systematic feeding-back to an organism of information about a bodily function so that the organism can gain control of that function

in psychoanalysis, the expression of repressed feelings and impulses to allow the release of the psychic energy associated with them

Rogers’s method of psychotherapy that emphasizes the creation of a warm, therapeutic atmosphere that frees clients to engage in self-exploration and self-expression

a form of therapy that focuses on how clients’ cognitions (e.g., expectations, attitudes, and beliefs) lead to distress and may be modified to relieve distress and promote adaptive behavior

an approach to therapy that uses cognitive and behavioral techniques that have been validated by research

a psychodynamically oriented therapist who focuses on the conscious, coping behavior of the ego instead of the hypothesized, unconscious functioning of the id

treatment of disorders like major depression by passing an electric current (that causes a convulsion) through the head

in psychoanalysis, the uncensored uttering of all thoughts that come to mind

Perls’s form of psychotherapy that attempts to integrate conflicting parts of the personality through directive methods designed to help clients perceive their whole selves

a form of psychotherapy that focuses on the client’s subjective, conscious experience in the “here and now”

a statistical technique for combining and averaging the results of individual research studies

a behavior-therapy technique in which a client observes and imitates a person who approaches and copes with feared objects or situations

the severing or destruction of a section of the frontal lobe of the brain

Freud’s method of psychotherapy

a type of psychotherapy that is based on Freud’s thinking and assumes that the psychological problems reflect early childhood experiences and internal conflicts

surgery intended to promote psychological changes or to relieve disordered behavior

a systematic interaction between a therapist and a client that brings psychological principles to bear on influencing the client’s thoughts, feelings, or behavior to help the client overcome psychological disorders, adjust to problems in living, or develop as an individual

Ellis’s form of therapy that encourages clients to challenge and correct irrational expectations and maladaptive behaviors

anxiety that can occur when one discontinues use of a tranquilizer

the tendency to block the free expression of impulses and primitive ideas- a reflection of the defense mechanism of repression

antidepressant drugs that work by blocking the reuptake of serotonin by presynaptic neurons, thus increasing the amount of serotonin available to the brain

antidepressant drugs that block the reuptake of both serotonin and norepinphrine

a behavior-therapy method for helping people in their interpersonal relations that utilizes self-monitoring, behavior rehearsal, and feedback

in operant conditioning, a series of behaviors that gradually become more similar to a target behavior

Wolpe’s method for reducing fears by associating a hierarchy of images of fear-evoking stimuli with deep muscle relaxation

a controlled environment in which people are reinforced for desired behaviors with tokens (such as poker chips) that may be exchanged for privileges

responding to one person (such as a psychoanalyst) in a way similar to how one responded to another person (such as a parent) in childhood

in dreams, the acting-out of ideas and impulses that are repressed when one is conscious

the issue of how well we can predict behavior on the basis of attitudes

the tendency to attribute our own behavior to situational factors but to attribute the behavior of others to dispositional factors

unselfish concern for the welfare of others

an enduring mental representation of a person, place, or thing that typically evokes an emotional response and related behavior

behavior inconsistent with an attitude that may have the effect of modifying an attitude

in social psychology, an attitude of liking or disliking (negative attraction)

a belief concerning why people behave in a certain way

the tendency to avoid helping other people in emergencies when other people are also present and apparently capable of helping

the view that we are motivated to make our cognitions or beliefs consistent with each other and with our behavior

the decision to maintain a relationship

the ideal form of love within Sternberg’s model, which combines passion, intimacy, and commitment

the process by which group members may discontinue self-evaluation and adopt group norms and attitudes

the spreading or sharing of responsibility for a decision or behavior within a group

hostile behavior directed against groups toward whom one is prejudiced

an assumption that a person’s behavior is determined by internal causes such as personal traits

in cognitive-dissonance theory, the tendency to seek justification (acceptable reasons)for strenuous efforts

the view that persuasive messages are evaluated (elaborated) on the basis of central and peripheral cues

concern that others are evaluating our behavior

a type of persuasive communication that influences behavior on the basis of arousing fear instead of rational analysis of the issues

a method for inducing compliance in which a small request is followed by a larger request

the assumption that others act predominantly on the basis of their dispositions, even when there is evidence suggesting the importance of their situations

a process in which group members are influenced by cohesiveness and a dynamic leader to ignore external realities as they make decisions

close acquaintance and familiarity; a characteristic of a relationship in which partners share their innermost feelings

strong romantic and sexual feelings

an attitude toward a group that leads people to evaluate members of that group negatively

the tendency to evaluate others in terms of first impressions

the tendency to evaluate others in terms of the most recent impression