Small Animal Diseases and Management - Exam 1

Failure of the heart to pump as it should. Happens when blood returning to the heart cannot be pumped back to the body at a rate to match the needs of the body

it is an advanced form of heart failure that allows edema (fluid) to accumulate in the body

taurine deficiency in cats

cats

dogs

thromboembolism which is a serious and common complication of myocardial disease in cats that affects the left side of the heart, renal artery, cerebral arteries, and mesenteric arteries 90% will lodge at the distal aortic trifurcation

acute rear leg pain and paresis, cold foot pads, unable to palpate femoral pulse, and history/diagnosis of myocardial disease

tissue plasminogen activator

results in the breakdown of the clots

it can cause toxicities because of the poor ability to metabolize and excrete salicylates

a condition where the ductus arterioles does not close after the animal is born

it results in blood being shunted from the pulmonary artery to the descending aorta

a continuous machinery heart murmur

left side

with surgery before the age of 2 years

7-8 days

the outflow tract (pulmonary valve) from the right ventricle is narrowed which causes increased ventricular pressure and results in right ventricular hypertrophy, which causes the right atrium to become enlarged

A genetic malformation of the heart. It includes pulmonic stenosis, right ventricular hypertrophy, ventricular septal defect (VSD), and an overriding aorta. Due to these defects, there is an increase in the resistance on the right side, pressure and there is a right to left shunt between the pulmonary and systemic circulation. Deoxygenated blood from the right ventricle is shunted through the VSD and mixes with the oxygenated blood in the left ventricle which results in hypoxemia, cyanosis, and secondary polycythemia

pulmonic stenosis right ventricular hypertrophy ventricular septal defect overriding aorta

right atrium becomes enlarged

the left side of the heart is usually overloaded and enlarged (because of a hole in the ventricle)

aorta is displaced to the right

left side

Surgical which required cardiopulmonary bypass and can be managed medically by exercise restriction, phlebotomy to remove excess RBC, and oxygen therapy

There are blood vessels that serve a function in the fetus, but then naturally deteriorate as the embryo grows. Sometimes the vessels in the chest cavity, aortic arches, will fail to disappear . Right aortic arch is one of the vessels and it passes near the esophagus

the esophagus is trapped between it and the heart which inhibits the growth and function of the esophagus, thus restricting food passage to the stomach. This can cause regurgitation of solid food, aspiration pneumonia, fever, dyspnea, cough, weight loss

chronic mitral valve insufficiency

chronic periodontal disease

The bacteria that are found in the calculus and tartar on the teeth are showered into the bloodstream. They are carried to organs with large blood supply like the heart, liver, and kidney. Once they reach the heart, they colonize the mitral valve leaflets causing them to thicken. The thickening causes the valves not to close completely, and blood from the left ventricle regurgitates back into the left atrium. Overtime, the left heart overload occurring due to the regurgitation can lead to heart failure.

is seen when there is no organized atrial contraction and causes cardiac output to decrease. It is usually associated with advanced stages of chronic atrioventricular valve insufficiency or cardiomyopathy.

large breed dogs, and dogs with cardiac diseases that cause an increase in the size of the heart.

can be associated with congestive heart failure, cardiomyopathies, endocarditis, myocarditis, or neoplasia as well as electrolyte imbalances and acid/base abnormalities

Ventricular tachycardia

procainamide, tocainide, lidocaine, v-fib: defibrillation, IV fluids, sodium bicarb

intubate, respiratory assistance, IV fluids, cardiac, compressions/massage, epinephrine, defibrillation

digoxin, calcium blockers - diltiazem, verapamil (dogs only)

a normal variant in some situations, especially dogs. The heart rate is regularly irregular because the change in rate coincides with respiration. The rate increases and decreases with inspiration and expiration

dogs

3rd degree AV block

right side

Mild- asymptomatic or cough Moderate - cough, exercise intolerance, dyspnea, abnormal heart and lung sounds Severe - cough, exercise intolerance, dyspnea, abnormal heart and lung sounds, enlarged liver, syncope, ascites Caval Syndrome - Sudden onset of severe lethargy and weakness accompanied by hemoglobinemia and hemoglobinuria

Cats seem to be more resistant to infection than dogs. If an infection occurs its usually a low burden in cats. The symptoms are different in cats than in dogs and they mostly relate to the respiratory system or GI tract

build-up of fluid within the pericardial sac that surrounds the heart

cardiac tumors

congestive heart failure

lateral recumbency to be able to approach from the right side, this will help decrease the chance of hitting the coronary blood vessel.

inflammation of the mucous membranes of the nasal passage

it is rarely a primary disease

trauma, foreign objects, or turmors

maxillary and frontal sinuses

tooth root abscess

excessive barking, howling, or meowing

because rabies can cause a change in voice

congenital and acquired abnormalities

stenotic nares, elongation and thickening of soft palate, redundant pharyngeal tissue

everted laryngeal saccule, enlargement of the pharyngeal mucosal and soft palate tissues, laryngeal edema, and potentially laryngeal collapse

surgical correction

stenotic nares, elongated palate, and everted saccules

highly contagious respiratory disease of dogs, kennel cough

bordetella, bronteseptica, canine parainfluenza virus

Uncomplicated: amoxicillin/clavulanic acid(Clavamox), doxycycline Complicated: gentamicin, amikacin, cefazolin Antitussives: hycodan (hydrocodone bitartrate), codeine, Torbuttrol (butorphanol tartare) Branchodialators: aminophylline, Brethine (terbytaline), theophylline Supporative care: don't excite the animal, remove collar, clean nose with warm bath cloths, +/- nebulization/humidifier

The tracheal rings losing their ability to hold the trachea open during respiration

middle age to old toy and miniature breed dogs that are obese

it is often unrewarding due to numerous complications

disease causes spontaneous bronchoconstriction, airway inflammation, and airway hyperactivity

usually not possible

cough dyspnea, weight loss, anorexia, vomiting, lethargy, weakness, sudden death

more severe

cage rest/confinement for 4-6 weeks, steroids, bronchodilators, furosemide, +/- oxygen

no

-Feline viral rhinotracheitis: feline herpes virus, is a highly contagious respiratory disease of cats, it has a high morbidity and moderate mortality rate, infections can occur in vaccinated and unvaccinated cats, and transmission is by aerosolization and by direct contact. The virus only remains in the environment for 18-24 hours, food bowls, clothing, beds, and toys can act as fomites. Clinical signs: acute onset of sneezing, conjunctivitis, rhinitis, fever, keratitis, anorexia (from fever, inability to smell), abortion -Feline Calicivirus: is an acute, highly contagious upper respiratory tract disease, it has a high morbidity and a low mortality, it is resistant to disinfectants and can remain active in the environment for several days. The clinical signs are more severe in kittens 2-6 months of age and transmission occurs through direct contact with infected cats. The clinical signs are fever, ocular nasal discharge with little to no sneezing, conjunctivitis, oral ulcers, pneumonia, acute painful lameness.

A build-up of fluid inside the pleural space which causes respiratory distress in the patient

Congestive heart failure(especially right side), neoplasia, foreign body, trauma, pulmonary infection

it is found in Kentucky, Illinois, Tennessee, Mississippi, Indiana, Iowa, Ohio, Arkansas, and North carolina It is transmitted by inhalation and the three clinical forms are primary pulmonary infection, disseminated disease, and local cutaneous infection

It is found in California, Nevada, Utah, Arizona, New Mexico, and Texas and the clinical signs may not appear for weeks to years after the animal has been exposed

It is most common in Ohio, Missouri, and the Mississippi River valley It is associated with birds and bat feces. The main source of infection is inhalation.

It is found in avian feces/excretement (especially pigeon droppings). Immonuosuppressed animals are more commonly affected than healthy animals and it is transmitted through inhalation

It is found in decaying vegetables, sewage, compost piles, and moldy seeds/grains. The route of transmission is inhalation, and the nasal cavity is the most common location of lesions in the dog.

dogs between 9-12 yers old

to regional lymph nodes, long bones, brain, eyes, heart

adenocarcinomas

Metastatic

surgical excision

a. Is the pet on any medications? b. Have the owners detected any blood loss or dark tarry stool? c. Have the owners noticed any fleas? d. Has the cat recently been tested for FeLV or FIV? e. Has the owner noticed any ticks on the dog? f. Has the pet been vaccinated recently? g. Has the female received any shots for mismating recently?

1. Regenerative anemia means that the bone marrow can still respond but not keeping up with the bodies need. It will always stem from extra-marrow causes and results from hemolysis or blood loss. It is caused by immune mediated, oxidant injury, parasites, blood loss, or mechanical RBC fragmentation. Regenerative is diagnosed by a HIGH reticulocyte count (PCV, RBC, and Hb are all low).

2. Nonregenerative anemia means that the bone marrow is not responding nor meeting the demand for the body. It can be caused by bone marrow and extra-marrow disorders. It results from chronic inflammatory disease, chronic renal disease, and acute hemorrhage or hemolysis (1st 48-96 hrs). It is caused by nutritional or mineral deficiencies, toxicities, infection (FIV, FeLV, Ehrlichia). Nonregenerative is diagnosed by a LOW reticulocyte count (PCV, RBC count, and hemoglobin are low).

pale or icteric mucus membrane, lethargy, exercise intolerance, pica, and decreased overall activity. These signs can either be acute or chronic and can vary in severity

The PCV and plasma should be examined to look for evidence of hemolysis. We also need to check for TP and agglutination

The primary cause of anemia caused by chronic kidney disease is bone marrow failure secondary to the inadequate production of erythropoietin by the kidney. It is exacerbated by iron deficiency anemia, inflammatory or neoplastic disease, GI blood loss, and hemolysis.

Mycoplasma hemofelis

The intracellular form produces an anemia, and the extracellular form produces blood stasis and vascular occlusion.

The brown dog tick (Rhipicephalus sanguineus) is responsible in transmitting Babesia canis. This results in the hemolysis of the infected RBC.

Cats seem to be more susceptible than dogs due to their hemoglobin structure.

Thrombocytopenia

1. Decreased platelet production - most common cause of thrombocytopenia in the cat

2. Increased platelet consumption - occurs in dogs and cats with DIC

3. Increased platelet destruction - most common cause of thrombocytopenia in the dog

4. Increased platelet sequestration - usually caused by splenomegaly or hepatomegaly (rare)

Immune-Mediated Hemolytic Anemia - the cause is unknown; the RBC destruction occurs because of the presence of antibodies that attach to RBC membrane. These cells are then removed by the immune system causing the anemia.

1. Primary (idiopathic) (unknown cause)- most cases

2. Secondary - Babesia, lepto, Ehrlichia, FeLV, heartworm disease, certain drugs

CBC +/- Coomb's test (only 75%) (Coomb's shows agglutination)

Is aimed at improving tissue oxygenation and managing immune response

The cause is unknown, but it is the same and IMHA but the platelets are attacked by the animals' immune system. The platelets are coated with antibodies or complement-antibody complexes, destruction may occur in the spleen, bone marrow, or liver

Animals usually present for bleeding, petechial and Ecchymotic hemorrhages on the skin and mucosal surfaces, weakness, and lethargy.