Exam 3: Imperialism

• Began as a dispute over rifle cartridges which were said to be lubricated with pork of beef fat, which wasn’t permissible for the hindu and muslim soldiers

• spread to indians of all walks of life

• marched to Delhi {old mughal capital} reclaimed it and set up the old mughal leader again

• enroute killed british men, women, and children

• No such thing as the ‘indian’ identity - wasn’t united

• british were very organized

two conflicts waged between China and Western powers during the mid-19th century.

• After Chinas defeat in the Opium wars, they were forced to open up their ports, and give special trading rights to the colonizing powers of the world

• Separate regions of china had different powers that had a sphere of influence treating those regions like it’s colony

Unequal treaty signed in 1842 under the threat of destruction after the opium wars

• China had to pay money TO Britain to cover war costs

• Britain gained Hong Kong

• Open Ports in China

• Extraterritoriality for British citizens

Foreign citizens living under the laws of their home country while abroad in another country

• The Taiping Rebellion was a revolt against the Qing dynasty in China, fought with religious conviction over regional economic conditions, and lasted from 1850 to 1864.

• Local Chinese felt missionaries only protected converts

• severe droughts followed by disastrous flood wreaked havoc

• Anger rose as western interests became more intertwined in peoples lives

• Resistance movement to the western influences at the time

• Boxer because many of the rebels practiced martial arts (given by foreigners)

• Slogan was: “Support the Qing, destroy the foreigners”

• Goal: save foreign nationals in china and secure trading rights

  • Japan, USA, Britain, France, Germany, Russia and Austria- Hungary

• China loses and is forced to pay $330,000,000 to the foreign powers and territorial rights resulting in spheres of influence

• Provided for the executions of Chinese officials who supported the movement

• Foreign troops stationed in Beijing

• 450 million taels of silver were given; > the gov.t’s annual avenue

• kick started African colonization

• Prior to him only coastal areas were interacted with for slave trade due to disease and rebellion from natives

  • advancements in weaponry and medicine from the second I.R, solved that issue

• Laid personal claim to the Congo; owned it as an individual

• ~20 million were killed under his rule in the pursuit of rubber, copper, and ivory

• created after seeing belgium’s profits from the congo, leading to increased european interest in inner Africa

• Europeans met in Berlin, no Africans were invited

• discussed the CCC

  • Commerce

  • Christianity

  • Conflict

• successfully kept ethiopia independent

  • repelled an Italian invasion in the Battle of Adwa in 1896

  expanded the empire almost to its present-day borders

• carried out a wide-ranging program of modernization

• Tokugawa was the shogun [military ruler] tasked with preventing the 260 daimyos from starting the civil war again

  • daimyos were like feudal lords

  • Japan wasn’t really unified

• Blend of western and traditional japanese culture- a result of an end to japans isolationism and a start to their rize as a world power

• Goal: Save Japan from foreign dominance by transforming and modernizing it

  • copied government structure from germany

  • copied navy from Britain

  • Modeled army on the Prussians

    • introduced western style clocks, calendars, telegrams, railroads, and outfits

• systematic removal of indigenous people- result of Canadas independence from britan

• indegenous popuation got oushed farther and faryher away from their anstral lands and onto reservations

The way canada removed Native children from their families and assimilated them into white colonizer society

a tendency in Western media to depict the cultures of East Asia, South Asia, the Middle East, and North Africa in imperialist terms

• Helped Keep Siam/Thailand independent

• Had begun thailand’s own westernization process

• “Father of science and tech in siam”

M- militarism

A- Alliances

I- Imperialism

N- Nationalism

Undercurrents leading to WW1

Slavic Nationalism; the desire to unite all of the slavic people under one empire

• Gave an ultimatum to avoid war:

  • Serbia must let Austria-Hungarian officials into the country to stop all violent and nationalist movements

  • Serbia must let Austria-Hungarian officials into the country to investigate the assassination

• Serbia said no, Austria-Hungary declared war and both countries started mobilization

• Austria-Hungary approached germany and made sure germany would support them if they took action against Serbia

• Germany promised full and unconditional support hence the blank check

• Germanys plan to win the war on two fronts due to its geographic location (sandwiched between Russia and France)

• Plan was :

  • Mobilize quickly

  • Defeat France quickly

  • Move into Russia

  • Had to invade Belgium to reach France thus dragging Britain into the war

• Austria-Hungary and Serbia started fighting

• germany and russia got dragged in

• germany declared war on france

• England declared war on Germany and Austria-Hungary

• Italy swapped sides to to Serbia’s side

The type of warfare on the western front; lead to a stalemate as both sides were stuck where they were because if they tried to cross no mans land they would be shot and killed immediately

The Zimmermann Telegram was a secret diplomatic communication issued from the German Foreign Office in January 1917 that proposed a military alliance between the German Empire and Mexico if the United States entered World War I against Germany. With Germany's aid, Mexico would recover Texas, Arizona, and New Mexico.

conflict in which the participating countries devote all their resources to the war effort

• In order to get russia out of the war Germany sent communist leader and russian exile Lenin back into russia

• negotiated for russia’s exit in return for ukraine

The treaty that ended world war 1

Military, economic, humanitarian, and social darwinism

• Military - have bases in multiple different places giving better control of the area, as well as proving that country is the best

• Economic - resources, raw materials and free markets

• Humanitarian - spreading christianity and civilizing the world

• Social darwinism - Speeding up the advancement of the human race by getting rid of those who are unfit

• Britain and China had long engaged in unequal trading- silver and gold from britain’s colonies would flow to china as affluent upper middle class people wanted exotic goods such as tea, porcelain, silk, tea, and spices

  • Britain needed to even the scales

    • enter opium: a highly addictive drug

    • was able to grow at a profit because of India as their colony

• The outcome was china became severely crippled and unable to exercise their autonomy- leading to several failed rebellions and eventually spheres of influence

• The cause was the U.S fleet with commodore Mathew perry forcing Japan to open it’s ports with the treaty of Kanagawa and then expanded to the Harris’ Treaty

• The Outcome was japan became a colonizing power; even being officially recognized as an equal player in the great powers of the world ending extraterritoriality [anglo -japanese treaty]

• Samarias were the most unhappy; the special privileges they had enjoyed (tax-exemption, being the only ones who could fight, being able to kill a civilian over disrespect) were now gone

• Saigo Takamori tried to restore their position by trying to start a war with Korea so they could prove themselves; rebellion was crushed ut he was pardoned and serves as a reminder to not lose the culter completely

• Congolese were expected to harvest a quota of rubber each day and it you didn’t your hands and feet were cut off

• Everyone faced the same punishment, even the elders and children

  • environment of fear

• In Belgium he projected this humanitarian front; building schools and civilizing the country (the schools were solely to have translators)

• Otto von Bismarck created the Berlin Conference to settle disputes between the European powers with interests in Africa to create pseudo borders of ownership, allowing various European nations to claim almost the entire continent, including its resources and people.

• The Outcome was increased European involvement in central and south africa allowing for colonization and devastation of astronomical proportions, the effects of which are still felt today

• By westernizing

  • because they were able to westernize, they were able to compete on a military standpoint, keeping their independence

• Ethiopia managed to defeat the Italian army in the First Italo-Ethiopian War of 1896. Was also admitted to the League of Nations in 1923, assuring the nation's independence,

• The Kingdom was located between the French-ruled Indochina (present-day Vietnam, Laos, and Cambodia) and British-ruled Burma (now called Myanmar). King Chulalongkorn of Siam worked to adopt several European customs and became interested in European technology in an attempt to prevent colonization. His diplomatic efforts helped the King influence the British-French relationship in his favor, preventing the majority of his kingdom from falling under European rule.

M- militarism: countries began to build up their militaries

A- Alliances: defense agreements among nations; sometimes acts as a deterrence

I- Imperialism: Had imperialist rivalries since the 1800s, countries competes for territory and economic opportunities across the world. Eventually turned hostile bc they were getting the way of each other

N- Nationalism: Nationalism in the Austria-Hungary empire was creating the most violent tension in europe

• Eastern Front was russia throwing it’s large population to the front line, essentially sending them to the slaughterhouse

  • Peasant population began to revolt

  • Germany started winning

  • Russia signed Brest-Livosk treaty and pulled out of the war

• Western Front was stuck in a stalemate until the involvement of the US, which sent supplies and boosted morale, pushing the germans back to their pre-war territory

• American Economic Interests

  • sold food and manufactured goods to the allies

  • Made loans to the allies » if germany won, those could potentially never get paid back

• American Security

  • Germany’s victory could make it the dominant power in europe

  • could allow it to take over U.K

  • becomes closer to the U.S

  • threatens security

• American Idealism

  • believed the world would be a better place if the allies won

• Introduced Mandatory military conscription and rationing of food and other essentials

• includes any and all civilian-associated resources and infrastructure as legitimate military targets,

• mobilises all of the resources of society to fight the war,

• gives priority to warfare over non-combatant needs.

• Wilson was the voice of moderation

• French wanted to punish germany

• British wanted yo maintain their imperial interests

• Conclusion:

  • Germany takes full blame: Known as the “war guilt clause”

  • League of NAtions is formed to ward off future wars, has not power to enforce sanctions, U.S. doesn’t join

  • Germany loses portions of territory

  • Germany demilitarize western border

  • Austria-Hungary collapses

    • New nations form = self-determination

  • Former german colonies are transferred to Britain and france

• Social Results

  • 10 million soldiers killed

  • 13 million civilians died = from getting caught up in the war, disease, starvation, etc.

  • World left with hatred, intolerance, and extreme nationalism

• Political Results

  • U.S. emerged as a leading world power

  • Breakdown of empires & monarchies

  • New countries emerged in Europe

• Economic Results

  • Taxes increased in Europe to pay for the war

  • Economic issues eventually led to the Great Depression

    • Worldwide – not just in the U.S.