AP Biology Exam Review

many monomers

formed when one or more electrons are transferred from one atom to another

molecules are bonded together with the removal of a water molecule

breakdown of a compound by adding water

cant be broken down

two or more elements

attraction of an atom for the electrons of a covalent bond

equal sharing of electrons

unequal sharing of electrons

part negative part positive

attraction between a slightly positive hydrogen atom and a slightly negative atom

bond that shares a pair of electrons from atom to atom

attraction between molecules of the same substance

attraction between molecules of different substances

water hating

water loving

H positive O negative

subunit for polymers

Weak attractions between molecules or parts of molecules that results from changing charges

dissolving agent of a solution

two or more substances

dissolved by solvent

H+

OH-

substance that increases the H+ concentration of a solution

high number high OH-, low number high H+

five carbon sugar, phosphate group, nitrogenous base

DNA and RNA

monomers of proteins

chain of amino acids

nonpolar fats and oils, store energy and build cell membrane

hydrophobic head, hydrophilic tail

compounds with the same formula but different structures

directions for its own replecation, stores genetic info, deoxyribose sugar, antiparallel, ATCG, double strand

messenger to create proteins, ribose sugar, AUCG, single strand

monomer of carbs

two amino acids bonded together

covalent bond formed between amino acids

primary, secondary (alpha helix, beta sheet), tertiary, quaternary

energy and structure

structure, enzymes, cell communication, movement

solution that minimizes changes in pH when extraneous acids or bases are added to the solution

organisms made up of one or more cells that have a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles, DNA in nucleus

Single celled organisms that do not contain nuclei and instead store DNA in the nucleoid, no membrane-bound organelles

selectively-permeable phospholipid bilayer forming the boundary of the cell, "fluid mosaic" made of phospholipids, macromolecules, and proteins

made up of carbs, surrounds the cells of plants and some other organisms

jellylike fluid inside the cell in which the organelles are suspended

fluid portion of cytoplasm

site of protein synthesis, either found in the cytoplasm or on the rough ER, not membrane bound, made of rRNA and proteins

membrane tubes studded with ribosomes; proteins are synthesized and packaged for possible export to the golgi

membrane tubes with no ribosomes; detoxifies cell, stores calcium ions, and is involved in lipid synthesis

flattened membrane-bound sacs, receives and modifies proteins, preparing them for possible export out of the cell

double-membraned organelle, site of cellular respiration, or ATP energy production

membraneous sac of hydrolytic enzymes used to digest macromolecules or break them down to reusable materials (monomers), acidic pH

membrane bound sac with a variety of uses; can store water/macromolecules, release waste, etc

plant cells, a double membraned organelle that is the site of photosynthesis

double membrane that surrounds the nucleus in the cell

channels in the nuclear envelope that allow materials to pass in and out of the nucleus, connecting layers of the double membrane

dense region of DNA in a prokaryotic cell

dense masses of RNA and protein that manufacture ribosomes, lots located in the nucleus

fuses with lysosomes, uses enzymes to digest food

works to pump excess water out of a cell

formed by the merging of smaller vacuoles, play a major role in plant growth, store inorganic ions

found in lysosomes that speed up/aid in the breakdown of chemical bonds through hydrolysis

locomotor appendages that are short and numerous, can move fluid and receive signals

locomotor appendages that are long and whip-like, move like a fish tale, not many

channels through plant cell walls that connect the cytoplasms of adjacent cells

the space inside of an organelle, the space in the rough ER

destined for release from the cell

loosely bound to the membrane surface or attached to an integral protein

penetrate the lipid bilayer, usually spans the entire membrane

folded membrane compartments in stacks called grana, light dependent photosyntheisis reactions

fluid between inner chloroplast membrane and outer thylakoids, carbon fixation reactions

projections that increase the cells surface area

hollow rod composed of tubulin proteins that makes up part of the cytoskeleton in all eukaryotic cells

network whos components are made of proteins that holds the cell together, helps to keep its shape, aids in movement

region where the cells microtubules are initiated

material consisting of DNA and proteins, visible as chromosomes in dividing cells

network of membrane tubes in cytoplasm of eukaryotic cells

diffusion specifically for water, going from less concentrated solution to more for equilibrium

free water = solution, flacid

free water > solution, low concentration moves to high, turgid

free water < solution, high concentration moves to low, plasmolysis

proteins bobbing in a fluid lipid bilayer of phospholipids, held together by hydrophobic interactions

channel proteins to help water get through plasma membrane

movement of molecules from high to low concentration, small nonpolar molecules

region along which the density of a substance increases/decreases

moving down concentration gradient, doesnt require energy

high to low concentration with transport proteins, hydrophilic and charged ions

requires energy to move molecule up concentration gradient

voltage across a membrane

vesicle forms and transports macromolecules into cell (phagocytosis, pinocytosis, receptor mediated endocytosis)

vesicle transports macromolecules out of plasma membrane

steroid, randomly wedged between phospholipids, regulates bilayer fluidity