Chapter 8&9 ApHug

largest political unit, formal term for a country.

power of a political unit, or government, to rule over its own affairs

group of people who have certain things in common, this is not a political

nation of people who fulfill the qualifications of a state

country that contains more than one nation

a defined area within a state that has a high degree of self-government and freedom from its parent state

A state that has a degree of, but not complete self-rule

A cultural group that has no independent political entity

a nation has a state of its own but stretches across borders of other states

force that helps to unify people within a country

forces that tend to divide people, break states apart, or even prevent states from forming

variety of ways of influencing another country or group of people by direct conquest, economic control, or cultural dominance

a type of imperialism in which people move into and settle on the land of another country

also known as the Congo Conference, in which representatives from the major empires in Europe met in Berlin to lay out land claims on Africa

the undoing of colonialism, where a nation establishes and maintains its domination over dependent territories

a nation's desire to create and maintain a state of its own

organized killing of an entire people

period of diplomatic, political, and military rivalry between is United States and the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (U.S. v U.S.S.R.)

state dominated by another state politically and economically

process in which one or more regions are given increased autonomy by the central political unit

the study of the effects of geography on politics and relations among states

a willingness by one person or a group of people to defend space they claim

new system of colonialism in which economic, political, or even cultural control was indirectly exerted over developing countries

a place of physical congestion between wider regions of movement and interaction

unites separate political entities into an overarching system that allows each entity to maintain some degree of sovereignty

most or all of the governing power is held by the national government

process of legally adding territory to a city

natural barriers between areas such as oceans, deserts, and mountains

Divide people according to some cultural division, such as language, religion, or ethnicity

a boundary that existed before the cultural landscape emerged and stayed in place while people moved in to occupy the surrounding area

a boundary created while the cultural landscape is evolving and is subject to change over tiem

related to cultural phenomena

boundary drawn by a greater outside power and may have ignored existing cultural patterns

a state that does not have direct connection to an ocean

A boundary no longer observed but that still affects the present-day area (e.g. border between West and East Germany in Berlin)

a straight line or arc drawn by people that does not closely follow any physical feature

A subsequent boundary that is created to accommodate a region's cultural diversity.

a border that is drawn taking into account language, ethnicity, religion, or other cultural traits

a division that uses already-existing natural features that divide a territory such as rivers, deserts, or mountains

unguarded and people can cross it easily, with little or no political intervention

A boundary that is heavily guarded and discourages crossing and movement.

boundary that is established by a legal document, like a treaty, that divides one entity from another. these are usually invisible

A boundary drawn on a map by a cartographer to show limits of a space

boundary identified by physical objects placed on the landscape, like a fence or a wall

occurs when 2+ parties disagree over how to interpret the legal documents or maps that define a boundary

boundary disputes that center on where a boundary should be and how it should be mapped

type of expansionism when one country seeks to annex territory where it has cultural ties to part of the population or historical claims to the land

also known as a functional dispute, this type of boundary dispute centers not on where a boundary is but rather how it functions.

also known as a resource dispute, this type of boundary dispute occurs when a boundary separates natural resources that may be used by both states/countries

a border that is actively managed, protected, and administered by a sovereign government

boundaries that have checkpoints where a passport or visa are required to enter the country

Territories that are part of a state, yet geographically separated from the main state by one or more countries. ex: Hawaii & Alaska

states, territories, or parts of a state or territory that are completely surrounded by the territory of another state. ex: Lesotho, San Marino, The Vatican City

a place located between two very different and contentious regions

United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea: a code of maritime law approved by the UN in 1982 that authorizes, among other provisions, territorial waters extending 12 nautical miles from shore and 200 nautical mile wide exclusive economic zones.

area extending up to 12 nautical miles from coast in which a state has sovereignty (including exclusive fishing rights.)

Coastal states have limited sovereignty for up to 24 nautical miles, where they can enforce laws on customs, immigration, and sanitation

coastal states can explore, extract minerals, and manage up to 200 nautical miles

water beyond the EEZ is open to all states

52 small islands that share similar sustainable development challenges, especially climate change and sea-level rise. ex: Tuvalu, Fiji, Kirbati

boundaries that divide the interiors of a country into sections

using spatial thinking techniques and tools to analyze elections and voting patterns

Internal boundaries that divide a country's electorate into subnational regions

the people eligible to vote

A complete enumeration/count of a population.

changing the number of representatives granted each state so it reflects the state's population

redraw district boundaries so that each district contains roughly the same number of people

the drawing of boundaries for political districts by the party or group in power to extend or increase their advantageous power

dispersing a group into several districts to prevent a majority

combining like-minded voters into one district to prevent them from affecting elections in other districts

diluting a minority populated district with majority populations

redrawing two districts in order to force two elected representatives of the same party to run against each other

moving an area where an elected representative has support to an area where he or she does not have support