Philosophy Terminology

a set of premises (propositions) used to support another premise (conclusion)

a statement capable of a truth value

a proposition used to ground and justify a conclusion

a judgement based on the information obtained

conclusion separate from premise with an inference line

an argument where if the premises are true then the conclusion must be true

an argument where if the premises are true, then the conclusion is probably true

an error in reasoning

a deductive argument where conclusion's truth guaranteed by the truth of the premise

the argument is valid and the premises are true

the extent at which the premises and conclusions are to be accepted

form of a deductive argument "if A, then B"

does the guaranteeing (deductive)

thing being guaranteed (deductive)

condition that must be present for a certain result to occur

a statement where the truth is enough to guarantee the truth of another given statement

attempt to justify conclusion

the attempt to support reasoning to a conclusion by providing reason for it

the move from premise to conclusion

explicit signal to audience that there is a moving from premise to conclusion

A conclusion drawn from specific information that is used to make a broad statement about a topic or person

an argument or set of reasons put forward to oppose an idea or theory developed in another argument.

reason to change belief on something

Therefore, so, thus, etc.

should, probably, etc.

because, since, as, for, etc.

evaluate the validity of a premise to draw a conclusion

a numbered breakdown of parts of an argument

The fallacy in deductive reasoning and logic

LOOKING FOR THE WORD "NOT"

If P then Q Not P Therefore, not Q

fallacy in deductive reasoning and logic

If P then Q Q Therefore P

If P then Q P Therefore Q

If P then Q Not Q Therefore not P

the way of affirming

the way of denying

Three conditional statements that link together If A, then B If B, then C Therefore, if A, then C

arguments with one hypothetical conditional premise

A syllogism in which the premises and conclusion describe the relationship between two categories by using statements that begin with all, no, or some.

a deductive argument that rules out different possibilities until only one remains

a comparison between two objects, or systems of objects, that highlights respects in which they are thought to be similar

A conclusion drawn from specific information that is used to make a broad statement about a topic or person

fallacies that can be deducted by examining the form of an argument (deductive arguments only)

fallacies deducted by examining the content of the argument

reasoning that suggests that because everyone else believes something or is doing something, then it must be valid or correct

Making the argument that because something is 'natural' it is therefore valid, justified, inevitable, good, or ideal.

In an argument, this is an attack on the person rather than on the opponent's ideas. It comes from the Latin meaning "against the man."

This justifies an unethical action by claiming that another person did something equally wrong.

improperly assuming that a sequence in time implies a cause and effect: after this, therefore this

When a person appeals to the opinion of some respected, well-known or influential person/group to support their position they are said to be appealing to authority.

a logical fallacy that assumes once an action begins it will lead, undeterred, to an eventual and inevitable conclusion

a fallacy that occurs when an analogy compares two things that are not comparable

manipulating an emotional response in place of a valid or compelling argument

the belief that the odds of a chance event increase if the event hasn't occurred recently

the incorrect belief that what is true for the individual, or part, must necessarily be true for the group, or the whole

Assuming that what is true of the whole is true for the parts.

Often called circular reasoning, __ occurs when the believability of the evidence depends on the believability of the claim.

argument in which a speaker reduces available choices to only two even though other alternatives exist; also called the either-or fallacy

A fallacy in which a faulty conclusion is reached because of inadequate evidence.

A fallacy that occurs when the actual argument appears to be refuted, but in reality a related point is addressed.

when a speaker introduces an irrelevant issue or piece of evidence to divert attention from the subject of the speech

an argument that makes sense logically