French Rev - Social 20 IB

Citizens who, depending on the amount of taxes paid, could vote and stand as deputies

National agents appointed by, and responsible to, the central government. Their role was to monitor the enforcement of all revolutionary laws

A large memorial to commemorate the Revolution

French society and government before the Revolution of 1789

Payments made by the French Church to the Pope

To incorporate foreign territory into a state usually forcibly and against the will of the local people

Opposition to the Catholic Church

Roces opposed to the Republic, mainly former members of the nobility, refractory priests and monarchists

Each deputy was required to declare publicly his decision on the guilt or innocence of Louis XVI

Sans-culottes sent to the provinces to confront counter-revolutionary forces and ensure the movement of food supplies

An agreement between two countries to end hostilities. This would preceded a peace settlement that would formally mark the end of a war

A skilled worker or craftsman

Bonds backed up by the Church lan that circulated as a form of paper currency.

Influential politicians and close confidants of Marie Antionette who kept in close secret contract with Vienna, capital of the Habsburg Empire.

Territory controlled by the Pope in southern France

To create a situation in which the government’s expenditure is equal to its income

The government wrote off two-thirds of the debt it owed its creditors

The nationalised property of the Church as ordered by the decree of 2 November 1789

Middle-class urban dwellers who made a living through their intellectual skills or business practices

Outbreaks of lawlessness and violence by groups of bandits

Supporters of Jacques Brissot who later merged with the Girondins

Lists of grievances and suggestions for reform drawn up by representatives of each estate and each community and presented to the Estates-General for consideration.

An administrative subdivision of a department

Direct central control of the various parts of government, with less power to the regions.

Those who sat facing the speaker of the Legislative Assembly favouring neither left nor right.

Proof of good citizenship and support for the Republic, without which no one could be employed.

Ensuring that the power given to the executive was balanced by the power granted to the legislature.

Guerrilla groups operating in the Vendee between 1794 and 1769

A bourgeois defence force set up to protect the interests of property owners in Paris. After the storming of the Bastille it become the National Guard

Where a trade union negotiates with employers on behalf of workers who are members

Surveillance or watch committees, sometimes known simply as revolutionary committees.

Had overall responsibility for police security, surveillance and spying

Effectively, the government of France during 1793-4 and one of the twin pillars of the Terror along with the Committee of General Security.

The smallest administrative unit in France

A follower of the political belief that centres on social and economic equality as outlined by Karl Marx

An agreement between Napoleon and the Pop to try and end the divisions between the Church and State.

Compulsory military service

Those who did not want any reforms. They were deeply suspicious and sceptical of the need for any social or political change.

Babeuf’s theory of how to organise a revolution, using a small group of committed revolutionaries rather than a mass movement

A written document detailing how a country is to be governed, laws made, powers apportioned and elections conducted.

Supporters of Louis who welcomed the granting of limited democratic rights to the French people

Where the powers of the Crown are limited by a constitution. Also known as a limited monarchy

The system of government that replaced the Directory. It took its name from the three consuls of whom Napoleon was the most important as first consul. They formed the executive in the new constitution of 1799

The attempt by Napoleon to bring economic chaos to Britain by preventing its exports entering Europe

Members of the Convention between 1792 and 1795

Unpaid labour service to maintain roads. In many places money replaced service.

Small-scale textile production (spinning, weaving and iron work) carried out in a peasant’s cottage or workshop and used to supplement income from farming.

Groups and individuals hostile to the Revolution, who wished to reverse any changes it made at the earliest opportunity

The overthrow of Robespierre and his closest supporters, which marked the end of the Terror

Robespierre’s alternative civic religion to the Catholic faith

Decision-making devolved from the centre to the regions of a country

Ruthless anti-religious policies conducted by some Jacobin supporters against the Church, aimed at destroying its influence.

The Convention offered support to those in any state wishing to overthrow their rulers and establish democratic political systems

When expenditure is greater than income it results in a deficit

A fall in prices and in money value a demand for goods and services falls

On 26 February 1790, 83 new divisions for local administration in France were created to replace the old divisions of the ancien regime

An area served by a bishop. It is made up of a large number of parishes

Stripped of the right to vote

Men who avoided the call to serve in the army

Where citizens enjoy equal rights and are not discriminated against on the basis of gender or social class. This is neatly summed up by the phrase most frequently linked with the Revolution: liberty, equality, and fraternity.

Derived from ‘equality’ - the aim to have all citizens equal, with no disparities in wealth, status or opportunity.

Patriotic enthusiasm, commitment and identity with the revolutionary cause within the army.

People, mainly aristocrats, who fled France during the Revolution. Many emerges joined foreign opponents of the Revolution.

An extreme revolutionary group led by Jacques Roux which had considerable influence on the Parisian sans-culottes

Individuals prepared to take risks with their capital to support business schemes that will secure a profit

Elected representatives of all three estates of the realm. This body was only summoned in times of extreme national crisis, and had last met in 1614.

The power to make decisions relating to the government of a country

A rejection of the central authority of the State in favour of regional authority

National guardsmen from the provinces who arrived in Paris to display during the Fete de a Federation commemorating the fall of the Bastille, 14 July 1792.

Financial or work obligations imposed on the peasantry by landowners

Constitutional monarchists, among them Lafayette, who split from the Jacobin Club following the flight to Varennes

A loose anti-French alliance created by Britain and consisting of the Netherlands, Spain, Piedmont, Naples, Prussia, Russia, Austria and Portugal. Russia refused to commit soldiers to the coalition when Britain did not send money to support Russia’s armies.

A measure compelling the wealthy to load money to the government

On 7 April 1795 the Convention introduced the silver franc as the official unit of currency replacing the livre

A trading system with no artificial price controls. Prices are determined solely by supply and demand

Trade without the imposition of taxes and duties on the goods

An elite royal infantry regiment, many of whom deserted to join opponents of the King in July 1789

An organisation set up by the National Assembly in December 1790, which operated as an armed police force.

Tables that fix the prices of a wide range of foods and commodities

The 34 areas into which France was divided for the purpose of collecting taxes and other administrative functions; each area was under the control of an intendant.

Popular demonstration 1 April 1795 in Paris. Named after a month in the new revolutionary calendar.

A small group of deputies from the Gironde and their associates, notably Brissot

Napoleon’s renamed army after 1805. At it’s largest in 1812 it numbered over 600,000 men, among them Poles, Italians, Swiss, and Bavarians.

Countries that were more powerful than other on the basis of their military, economic and territorial strength - the major ones were Austria, France Prussia, Russia and Britain.

The total value of goods and services produced by an economy

Military action by irregular bands avoiding direct confrontation with the larger opposing forces. They did not wear uniforms in order to blend in with civilians.

An organisation that tightly controls entry into a trade

A machine introduced in 1792 for decapitating victims in a relatively painless way. It became synonymous with the Terror.

Territory that roughly corresponds to modern-day Austria, HUngary, the Czech Republic and Slovakia. The empire also considered itself to be the leading German state.

Those who bought up supplies of food, keeping them until prices rose and then selling them at a large profit.

Spain and Portugal combined

Supporters of Danton and Desmoulins who wished to see a relaxation of the Terror.

An economic system where money (capital) is invested in industry for the purpose of making a profit

A decline in the value of money, which leads to an increase in the price of goods

An uprising of ordinary people, predominantly sans-culottes

Officials directly appointed by and answerable to the Crown who were mainly responsible for police, justice, finance, public works, and trade and industry.

Irish who were staunchly anti-British and wished to be free from what they considered foreign rule. During the Revolution they approached the republicans for support.

‘Gilded youth’: young men who dressed extravagantly as a reaction to the restrictions of the Terror. They were also known as Muscadins.

Day of popular action and disturbance linked to great political change

The rousing song composed by Rouget de I‘Isle in 1792 and adopted as the anthem of the Republic on 14 July 1795