Biopsych (unfinished)

They used MRIs of medical students before and after their final exams and saw that there was a change in volume of the hippocampus - evidence of plasticity in humans.

________ are governed by the suprachiasmatic nucleus which sits close to the hypothalamus.

________ put rats into an enriched environment with notable cognitive challenge (difficult maze etc) and saw that there were new neurons in the rats hippocampi.

________ suggests that the degree of impairment after damage is directly proportional to the amount of brain damaged, not the location.

________ (2021) used an accelerometer (objective measure) derived sleep onset time (SOT) for over 100, 000 participants.

________ are cylindrical bundles of several thousand neuron axons (fibres)

________ is something that blind people can learn to do to "see "the surroundings.

________: Electroencephalograms measure electrical activity in the brain using electrodes on the scalp.

Low IQ is not 100 % because of loss of ________, but it is likely that it could be.

________ found that London taxi drivers had more grey matter in their brain, and a bigger posterior hippocampus than the control group when tested using MRI machines.

________ are peoples natural inclinations for wake and sleep patterns, so the technicalities about the precise time of the circadian rhythm can be partly influenced by genes.

________ is when the brain can restore skills or behaviours after damage has occurred.

________ dream when they are in REM sleep, this is also where emotional processing occurs.

________ are graphed over a period of time and abnormal patterns or arrhythmias (no particular rhythm) can be used to diagnose disorders e.g.

The ________ is a complex network of nerve cells and fibres that enables the brain to receive information about the environment and to command responses.

________ is characterised by theta waves.

There are somatosensory, auditory and ________ in both hemispheres, and the control of movement and reception is contralateral.

________ et al (2006) found that language became more lateralised to the left hemisphere as age increased, but after 25 it became increasingly less lateralised.

________: this is when intact cells become hyper- sensitive to stimulation so larger results are experienced from the same amount of neurotransmitters.

________: the homologous area on the opposite hemisphere begins to perform specific tasks previously undertaken by the damaged are.

________ or flight are not the only responses to stress in humans: the freeze response is a momentary parasympathetic brake on the motor system as a form of behavioural inhibition (Gray et al)

The ________ releases CRH in the brain, which travels to the pituitary gland and instructs it to release ACTH.

________ are specialised in both systems (cells or parts of post- synaptic neurons)

________ or shift work), can lead to things like low mood and motivation, poor cognitive functioning, or other more serious conditions such as heart health, diabetes or bipolar disorder.

________ (ovulation- visual cortex is in the occipital lobe)

________ are patterns of physiological processes that occur and recur with a predictable regularity.

________ (radio- the motor cortex is in the frontal lobe)

________ refers to the brains ability to adapt in response to experience.

________ (event- related potentials): this relies of EEG data to pinpoint /time- lock certain spikes or troughs of brain activity to specific stimuli.

________: post- mortem examinations involve studying the actual, physical brain of a deceased individual to look for lesions or causes for any phenomenological afflictions or mental health disorders an individual may have struggled with e.g.

________ is gathered and summated or superposed to create a graph where different types of waves (alpha, beta, delta and theta) can be identified by their frequency.

________ experimented on rats with surgically induced brain lesions and created 2 significant theories.

Neurons are specialised cells in the brain and ________ that transmit electrical impulses, enabling thought, speech, movement etc.

________ (1998) found that "seeking and using social support "was massively significant in females (but not at all in males), (p <0.0000001)

________: functional magnetic resonance imaging measures changes in brain activity by looking for changes of blood flow to certain areas.

________: a neuron that has lost its target seeks a new connection to enable communication around the damaged area.

The ________ is entrained (synchronised to stimuli) by light signals from the brain: when the ________ receives signals of light in the morning, the "master clock "is reset in a time- dependent manner.

________ is received as light energy in the photoreceptors in the retina, before being translated in the ganglion cells in the retina.

The ________ includes all the nerves external to the CNS.

________ refers to the studying of individuals who have had split- brain surgery, in order to understand more about the individual specialisms of each hemisphere.

The ________ is the major division of the NS that includes all nerves in the central system.

The ________ is important because it is linked to the "tend and befriend "response to stress, due to its link to affiliative behaviours.

The ________ from the clicking is received by the visual cortex (not the auditory), which demonstrates that the cortex is adapting to maximise functioning.

Neurons communicate through the process of synaptic transmission, where the ________ is briefly carried by chemical neurotransmitters.

Acquired damage is ________ damage results from later trauma or insult.

The ________ is seen as the main gland in the endocrine system, however this is controlled by the hypothalamus.

When a stimulus was shown to the ________ (LH), participants could name the stimulus.

________ is responsible for the understanding and comprehension of language.

The ________ works with smooth (organ) muscle to affect action and control involuntary bodily processes.

The ________ uses a negative feedback loop (this means the system responds when the conditions are no longer ideal) to maintain homeostasis (the regulation of internal bodily functions in an optimal state)

it is referred to as chronic stress (plan C) or the HPA axis

lower immunity

there is no plan B) is explained with the release of cortisol, and is not 100% necessary

the freeze response is a momentary parasympathetic brake on the motor system as a form of behavioural inhibition (Gray et al)

it does not recognise the protective element of the freeze response

this is important real world application

participants who experienced acute social stress were more likely to engage in prosocial behaviours (Von Dawans et al), thus a tend-and-befriend response may be present in some situations for non-females

the motor cortex is in the frontal lobe)

the somatosensory cortex is in the parietal lobe)

Wernickes area in the auditory cortex in the temporal lobe can cause fluency aphasia)

visual cortex is in the occipital lobe)

the somatosensory has some features that the motor doesnt because you cannot move them e.g

Brocas area and Wernickes area

language and demanding cognitive tasks (Fedorenko et al, 2012)

only some areas of the brain are very localised

cortex recovery)

detail-oriented (supported by lots of research); language functioning is localised to the left (in 95% of right handed individuals); planning; analytical thought etc

bigger picture concepts; facial recognition; non-verbal cues; emotions; impulsivity and creativeness

they worked completely separately

there was non-standardised CC severing (e.g

neural challenge

a neuron that has lost its target seeks a new connection to enable communication around the damaged area

nerve fibres grow and become bushier to make new connections and enable connection

the homologous area on the opposite hemisphere begins to perform specific tasks previously undertaken by the damaged are

this tends to be a last resort because it is a difficult (metabolically) and drastic change

this is when intact cells become hyper-sensitive to stimulation so larger results are experienced from the same amount of neurotransmitters

dormant synapses which were functionally blocked (e.g

this suggests that a brain which is damaged congenitally, can often initially compensate with maximal rewiring, however this individual would struggle significantly more if there was more damage

post-mortem examinations involve studying the actual, physical brain of a deceased individual to look for lesions or causes for any phenomenological afflictions or mental health disorders an individual may have struggled with e.g

functional magnetic resonance imaging measures changes in brain activity by looking for changes of blood flow to certain areas

Electroencephalograms measure electrical activity in the brain using electrodes on the scalp

this relies of EEG data to pinpoint/ time-lock certain spikes or troughs of brain activity to specific stimuli

sensory responses (signals are generated before the first 100ms) or cognitive responses (signals are generated after the first 100ms)

the strengths and limitations of each of these methods can often offset each other

region/ locality

time

you could have an essay on 1 or more bio rhythms, or even circadian

approx 24 hours)

when the SCN receives signals of light in the morning, the "master clock" is reset in a time-dependent manner

sleep and wakefulness are not governed by circadian rhythms alone, homeostatic sleep pressure is what makes us want to sleep more and more the longer we have been awake

non-REM sleep

Rapid Eye Movement sleep

slightly deeper sleep, breathing and heart rate slows

deep sleep where theta waves begin to turn into delta waves

very deep sleep where healing and repair occur