HUGS Unit 5

the process by which humans alter the landscape in order to raise crops and livestock for consumption and trade

the long-term weather patterns in a region

used to grow enough food or raise enough livestock to meet the immediate needs of the farmer and his or her family and for income (selling foods)

used to grow enough crops or raise enough livestock to sell for profit

mostly in developed countries

practices in which farmers and ranchers use large amounts of inputs, such as energy, fertilizers, labor, or machines, to maximize yields

practices use fewer amounts of the inputs and typically result in less yields

uses high investments in labor and capital are used which often results in high yields and profits

the money invested in land, equipment, and machines

often labor and animal intensive

ex: rice paddies in SE asia

uses low inputs of resources but has the goal of selling the product for profit

Few inputs are used in this type of agricultural activity and often practiced in extreme climates

ex: nomadic herding

Drylands

Type of subsistent extensive agriculture that is the act of moving large herds of domesticated livestock

Tropical

Type of subsistent extensive farming, farmers grow crops on a piece of land for a year or two

a large commercial farm that specializes in one crop

Cold and warm mid-latitude

an intensive commercial integrated system that demonstrates an interdependence between crops and animals

cold mid-latitude

in regions too dry for mixed crop agriculture, farmers often raise wheat

warm mid-latitude

intensive farming/truck farming where products are traditionally driven local urban markets and sold

Cold and warm Mid-latitude

Usually local farms that supplied products to customers in a small geographic area

the geographic distance that milk is delivered

practiced in regions with hot, dry summers, mild winters, narrow valleys, and often some irrigation

herders in the region practice transhumance

the seasonal herding of animals from higher elevations in the summer to lower elevations and valleys in the winter

the commercial grazing of animals confined to a specific area

drylands

settlements with groups of homes located near a village and fostered a strong sense of place and often shared of services like schools

patterns in which farmers lived in homes spread throughout the countryside

buildings and human activities are organized close to a body of water or along a transportation route

describe the boundaries of a parcel of land

created rectangular plots of consistent size

areas six miles long and six miles wide

consisted of 640 acres, and can be divided into smaller lots such as half sections or quarter sections

farms are long and include thin sections of land that ran perpendicular to a river

the origin of farming

marked by the domestication of plants and animals

mostly subsistence farming

animals first domesticated by people in central asia for protection, transportation, or as food

it later spread to southwest asia and the rest of the world

began after the domestication of animals

first used vegetable planting, or using parts of stems or roots of existing plants to grow others (slivers)

the first major hearth of agriculture

in southwest asia

when crops and animals are domesticated in multiple regions with seemingly no interaction among people

the global movement of plants and animals between Afro-Eurasia and the americas

began in the 1700s and was used to advancements of the industrial revolution to increase food supplies and support population growth

a series of laws enacted by the british government that enabled landowners to purchase and enclose land for their own use

the technique of planting different crops in a specific sequence on the same plot of land in order to restore nutrients back into the soul

the process of applying controlled amounts of water to crops using canals, pipes, sprinkler systems, or other human-made devices, rather than just relying on just rainfall

mid 20th century

was born out of science, research, and technology, and it continues today

expanded mechanization of farming, developed new global agricultural systems, and knowledge to further agricultural production

the advances in plant biology of the mid-20th century

the process of breeding two plants that have desirable characteristics to produce a single seed with both characteristics

a process by which humans use engineering techniques to change the DNA of a seed

used when discussing the land costs for different types of agricultural activities

the closer the land is to an urban center the higher the cost of the land/more valuable

uses expensive machinery and other inputs

EX: truck farming

often relies on many low-paid migrant workings to tend and harvest crops

a capital-intensive livestock operation in which many animals are kept in close quarters and bred and fed in a controlled environment

a type of intensive farming where fish, shellfish, and water plants are raised in netted areas in the sea, tanks, or other bodies of water

planting and harvesting a crop two or three times a year on the same piece of land

when farmers grow two or more crops simultaneously on the same field

when only one crop is grown or one type of animal is raised per season on a piece of land

when you only grow one type of crop or raise one type of animal year after year

confined spaces in which cattle and hogs have limited movement

Farms run as corporations and the globalization of agriculture

Those that operate in many countries, and usually own the largest agribusinesses

The ownership of other businesses involved in the steps of producing a particular good

An increase in efficiency to lower the per unit production cost which result in greater profits

A process used by corporations to gather resources, transfer them into goods, and then transport them to consumers

The number of people that US farmers can support given the available resources

Has risen over the past half century

Transportation networks, I keep food cool throughout a trip

deals with why people choose certain locations for various types of economy, activity, such as factory, stores, restaurants, or agriculture

An economic model that suggested a pattern for the types of products that farmers would produce at different positions relative to the market/community, where they sold their goods

Suggested by Von Thunen as the zone closest to the market

A type of agriculture that includes market, gardening/truck farming, and dairy farming

Can be used to determine the starting position for each land use relative to the market , as well as where each land use would end

We’re supplying demand, not government policy determine the outcome of competition for land:

The farmer who have the greatest prophet will pay the most at each location to occupy the land

Naturally occurring beneficial conditions

This caused farmers to plant crops differently from those predicted by following Thunen model

All the steps are required to get a product or service to customs

Crops, not essential to human survival, but every high profit margin

The use of economic, political, and social pressures to control former colonies

Started with the fair trades, certifications for coffee in 1988

Use as an effort to promote higher income for producers and more sustainable farming practices

Public financial support

In this case, it’s given to farmers to safeguard food protection

Includes the roads, bridges tunnel, sports, electrical grid, sewers, telecommunications, etc. of a country

The study of how land is used in the impact of changing land use

The idea that Alteration of natural vegetation, and arid land areas causes fertilized land to become infertile

Occurs when salts from water used by plants remain in the soil

Farmers build a series of steps into the side of a hill, which creates flat services with benefits

The process of applying controlled amounts of water to crops using dams, canals pipes, sprinkler systems, or other manufactured devices, rather than relying on just rainfall

Watering equipment rotates around a pivot and delivers specific amounts of water, fertilization or pesticides to the field

Lowly areas that contain a specific amount of water at or near the surface

The removal of large tracks of force

An early agricultural practice and type of shifting cultivation that takes place when all vegetation in an area of forest is cut down and burned in place

The practice of people in China and Southeast Asia that use aquaculture

now the fastest growing form of food production on the planet and responsible for approximately 50% of the world seafood

This occurs when the density of animals is greater than expansive grasslands can support so they over eat

Can cause the vegetation to not refresh itself (grow again) even after the animals leave

Crops that are non-GMO, and produce without pesticides or synthetic fertilizers, and use sustainable growing practices

Crops that consumers are willing to pay more for because of special qualities or because they are difficult to acquire

Occurs when the farmers process their crops into high value products, rather than simply selling it as it comes from the field

Seeking out food produced nearby

Refers to the production of farm goods within an urban area with the goal of providing locally grown food

Used to share agricultural products with family, friends, and perhaps those knees rather than as a business

Grows crops inside in stackable trays, using greenhouses, artificial lights and hydroponics

Allows crops to grow without soil, using mineral enriched solutions

Brings producers and consumers into a type of partnership

When households lack access to adequate food, because of limited money or other resources

Neighborhoods were residents have little to no access to healthy and affordable food

A network of trade transportation that gets food from farms to consumers

The transformation of agricultural products into food, or taking food items, and transforming them into a different type of food

A tax on imports

Limits the quantity of a good imported

The unequal opportunities, treatment, or rights of a person based on gender