Biology Chapter 8

autotrophs

make their own food by using photosynthesis to convert the energy from light into chemical energy

heterotrophs

get their food by eating autotrophs or other of these

photosynthesis

a biochemical pathway because it is a complex series of chemical reactions in which the product of one reaction is used as the reactant for the next reaction

6CO2 + 6H2O + solar energy → C6H12O6 +6O2

what is the balanced equation of photosynthesis

Light reaction and the Calvin cycle

What are the two stages of photosynthesis

granum

a stack of thylakoids in the chloroplast membrane

Thylakoids

What are the granum made up of in the chloroplast

stroma

The fluid surrounding the grana

all colors

What color does white reflect

none

What colors does white absorb

none

What color does black reflect

all colors

What color does black absorb

Chlorophyll a

Chloroplast pigment that absorbs mostly red light

chlorophyll b

Chloroplast pigments that absorb mostly blue light

Carotenoids

Chloroplast pigments that absorb more green light

photosytems

structures that harness light energy and are clusters of pigments

Light energy excites electrons in photosystem II

Step 1 of the light reaction steps

The electrons move to an electron transport chain

Step 3 of the light reaction steps

The electrons move to a primary electron acceptor

Step 2 of the light reaction steps

Light energy excites electrons in photosystem I

Step 4 of the light reaction steps

The electrons move to a 2nd electron transport chain

Step 5 of the light reaction steps

They combine NADP+ and H+ to make NADPH

step 6 of the light reaction steps

2H2O →4H+ + 4e- + O2

Equation for the replacement molecules that come from water splitting

chemiosmosis

The making of ATP

ATP synthase

Name of the structure at the end of light reactions that aids in the creation of ATP

ADP + P → ATP

Equation for ATP synthase making ATP

carbon fixation

Uses ATP and NADPH from the light reactions to take the carbon in CO2 and make carbohydrates with is

dark reactions

Other name for the Calvin Cycle

calvin cycle

2nd step of photosynthesis

Melvin Calvin

Who is the Calvin Cycle named after

C3 plants

What are the plants that use the Calvin Cycle known as

Step 1 of the Calvin Cycle

What step is an enzyme combines CO2 and ribulose biphosphate (RuBP) to give an unstable 6 carbon sugar that breaks down into two 3 carbon sugars called 3PGA

Step 2 of the Calvin Cycle

3PGA is given a phosphate from ATP and A H+ ion from NADPA

Step 3 of the Calvin Cycle

One of the G3P molecules leaves the Calvin Cycle and is used ot make carbohydrates

Step 4 of the Calvin Cycle

The other G3P molecule from Step 2 is converted back in RuBP by adding phosphate groups from ATP

Stomata

Tiny holes mostly under the leaf of the plant

take in CO2 and remove O2

During the day, C3 plants need to have their stomata open so they can take in and remove water

water loss

What can having stomata open lead to

C4 pathway

Pathway for plants in warm climates that have their stomata only partly open during the hottest part of the day

1/2 as much

How much water do C4 plants us in comparison to C3 plants

corn, crab grass, and sugar cane

What are 3 examples of C4 plants

CAM pathway

Pathway for plants in very hot and dry climates;open their stomata at night and close them during the day; take in CO2 at night and fix it into organic compounds which enter the Calvin Cycle during the day; grow slower because their stomata are only open at night

Less

How much water do CAM plants lose inn comparison to C3 and C4 platns

light intensity, carbon dioxide levels, and temperature

What are the 3 factors that affect photosynthesis

goes up

As light intensity goes up what does photosynthesis do

Goes up

as CO2 goes up what does photosynthesis do

they go up together and then at a certain point photosynthesis goes down as temperature keeps rising

How does temperature affect photosynthesis

photosynthesis

What caused the buildup of oxygen in Earth’s atmosphere