Bio 130 Exam 1

A compound's properties depends on its atoms and how they are bonded together

Two or more atoms of different elements joined by bonds

The number of protons an atom has

The atoms electron distribution(number of valence electrons)

A substance that cannot be broken down to other substances by chemical reactions

Elements an organism needs to survive

Elements needed by organisms but only in minute quantities

The smallest unit of matter

Neutrons, protons, and electrons make up atoms

Proton-Positively charged, Neutron-no charge/neutral, Electrons-Negatively charged

The center of an atom where the protons and neutrons are stored

The attraction between opposite charges keep the electrons in the vicinity of the nucleus

The number of protons in an element

The total number of protons and neutrons in an atom

Atomic Mass-Atomic Number=# of Protons

Atoms of the same elements that have a different number of neutrons

An isotope where the nucleus decays spontaneously, giving off particles and energy

The capacity to cause change

The energy that matter possesses because of its location or structure

Where the electrons are stored in an atom, surrounding the nucleus. The farther an electron is from the nucleus the more energy it has

The distribution of electrons in the atom's electron shells

The electrons in the outermost shell

The outermost electron shell

The 3-D shape where an electron is found 90% of the time

Attractions that hold atoms together

The sharing of a pair of valence electrons by two atoms

Two or more atoms of the same/different element that are bonded

The attraction of a particular atom for the electrons of a covalent bond

The electrons in a bond are shared equally between the two atoms

An atom is bonded to a more electronegative atom and the electrons of the bond are not shared equally

A charged atom

A positively charged ion

A negatively charged ion

The attraction of cations and anions. Not specifically the transfer of electrons, but the attraction between charged atoms

Noncovalent attraction between a hydrogen and an electronegative atom

Ever-changing regions of positive/negative charge that enable molecules to stick together

When atoms/molecules are very close together

They form parts of large molecules like proteins and nucleic acids

The hydrogen bonds form a stable lattice shape, causing it to be less dense than liquid water

Hydrogen bonds allow water to stick to other water molecules

Hydrogen bonds allow water molecules to stick to different molecules

the amount of heat that must be absorbed/lost for 1g of the substance to change temp by 1*C

Expansion upon freezing, moderation of temp, solvent capabilities, and cohesive behavior

a liquid substance capable of dissolving other substances

the dissolved matter in a solution

Likes water

affraid of water

Formed when carbon atoms are covalently bound to other carbon and hydrogen atoms

Carbon atoms bound to non-carbon atoms, cannot form long chained polymers

Carbohydrates, Proteins, Nucleic Acids, and Lipids

Large biological molecules that are essential to life: carbs, proteins, nucleic acids

Subunits that link to form polymers

Chain of monomers

includes sugars and polymers of sugar

simple sugar

consists of two monosaccharides joined by a glycosidic linkage

A covalent bond that links two monosaccharides together to form a dissacharide

polymers with many monosaccharides

Storage polymer for plants

Storage polymer for animals

Valence electrons

Shells closest to the nucleus have the least energy

Molecule: 2+ atoms(same/different) Compound: 2+ atoms(different)

Covalent bond b/n two atoms of the same element that equally share the electrons

Covalent bond with unequal sharing of electrons

The opposite charges of cations and anions are attracted to each, causing a bond to form

They form and break apart easily

electrons are not evenly distributed, they may accumulate by chance

1. Polar covalent bonding within the compound

2. Hydrogen bonds to other molecules

-When frozen, forms lattice structure -Ice less dense than water allowing it to float

Carbs, proteins, and nucleic acids

Fats, phospholipids, and steroids

Because they're not polymers

Fats and oils, categorized as saturated/unsaturated/trans fats

-no double bonds b/n the carbons -solid at room temp -typically animal fats -lead to heart disease

-1+ double bonds b/n carbons -liquid at room temp -plant and fish fats

When hydrogen is added to unsaturated to create saturated. More unhealthy than normal saturated fats

-Major component of cell membranes -hydrophillic head and hydrophobic tail

double bond in a fatty acid tail

-lipids w/ a carbon skeleton consisting of 4 fused rings

type of steroid, precursor from which other steroids are synthesized

-Made of polymers that are made of amino acids

Defense, storage, transport, cell communication, movement, & structural support

Proteins that speed up chemical reactions(catalyst)

unbranched polymers built from amino acids

bond between amino acids

The R group changes, the Nitrogen and side groups stay the same

Sequence of amino acids to form polypeptide chain

Peptide chain w/ coil/fold, helix or pleated sheet shape

Helix and pleated sheet-shaped polypeptide chains bonded by disulfide to make one chain

2+ polypeptide chains bonded together

DNA/RNA-store, transmit, and express hereditary info

monomer(Adanine, Guanine)

polymer made of sugar, phosphate, and nitrogen base

Nucleic acids that pair in a DNA/RNA strand -A=T -C=G -In RNA, A=U

carbs, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids

When polymers are broken into monomers

monosaccharides

glycosidic linkage

-Storage units that provide a cell w/ monosaccharides

-material to protect the cell