AP World History - Modern Chapter 28 (Revolutions) Test

- English philosopher John Locke (1632-1704) worked to discover natural laws of politics. He attacked divine-right theories that served as a foundation for absolute monarchy and advocated constitutional government on the grounds that sovereignty resides in the people rather than the state or its rulers. The United States Constitution was based on his philosophy.

- Adam Smith turned his attention to economic affairs and held that laws of supply and demand determine what happens in the marketplace.

- Charles Louis de Secondat: AKA Baron de Montesquieu (1689-1755) sought to establish a science of politics and discover principles that would foster political liberty in a prosperous and stable state.

- Voltaire (1694-1778) championed individual freedom and attacked any institution sponsoring intolerant or oppressive policies. Voltaire's battle cry was écrasez l'infame ("crush the dammed thing"), meaning the church he considered an agent of oppression.

The Theory of Progress: Progress became almost an ideology of the philosophers, who believed that natural science would lead to greater human control over the world while rational sciences of human affairs would lead to individual freedom and the construction of a prosperous, just, and equitable society.

- From 1754 to 1763, British forces waged an extremely expensive conflict in North America known as the French and Indian war.

- This conflict merged with a larger contest for imperial supremacy, the Seven Years War (1756-1763) in which British and French forces battled each other in Europe and India as well as North America.

- Victory in the Seven Year's war ensured that Britain would dominate global trade and that British possessions, including the North American colonies, would prosper.

- Sugar Act (1764) - molasses

-Stamp Act (1765). - publications and legal documents

-Townshend Act (1767). - imported items

-Tea Act (1773)

-Quartering Act (1765). - housing accommodations for British Troops

-No taxation without representation

- Although the "Patriots" were in the majority

- 20% of the white population of the colonies were "Loyalists" or "Tories" “Wig” renamed loyal to the British Monarchy

- A minority of people tried to stay neutral in the conflict, most notably the Religious Society of Friends of Pennsylvania. These people were also known as Quakers.

- Native Americans were divided in their loyaltiesse.

- African-Americans understood the political rhetoric of the times as promising freedom and equality, and while the British promised freedom or equality, it never came.

(The British most commonly lampooned American advocated of independence for their hypocritical calls for freedom while many of their leaders were slave holders)

The main ally for the British during the war was Germany. Britain hired German mercenaries called Hessians to fight for them against the colonists.

-Quakers (German)

1. Declaration of Independence: 625 July 4, 1776

2. Articles of Confederation: Nov. 15, 1777

3. Us Constitution: Written-1787, ratified- 1788, operative-1789

4. Federalist Papers: October of 1787 - August of 1788.

5. Bill of Rights: 624 Sent by GW-1789, 3/4 ratified-12/15 1791

• James Madison was the 4th President of the United States.

• He played a key role in drafting the U.S. Constitution.

• Known as the "Father of the Constitution."

• Helped draft the Bill of Rights

• Federalist Papers

• Led the country through the War of 1812.

- Cornwallis led British forces at Yorktown.

- Surrender in October 1781 siege of Yorktown to GW

*our consent KING

- English philosopher (1632-1704) formulated one of the most influential theories of contractual government. In his Second Treatise of Civil Government (1690), held that government arose in the remote past when people decided to work together, form civil society, and appoint rulers to protect and promote their common interest. Individuals granted political rights to their rulers but retained personal rights to life, liberty, and property. Any ruler who violated those rights was subject to deposition

- because individuals voluntarily formed society and established government, rulers derived their authority from the consent of those whom their government. If subjects withdrew their consent, they had the right to replace rulers.

- relocated sovereignty, removing it from rulers as divine agents and vesting it in the people of a society.

- François-Marie Arouet (1694-1778)

- Epitomized the spirit of the Enlightenment more than any other Philosopher

- Published his first book at age 17

- By the time of his death at age 84, his published writings included some 10,000 letters and filled 70 volumes.

- Championed individual freedom and attacked any institution sponsoring intolerant or oppressive policies (especially the church)

** battle cry was écrasez l'infame ("crush the dammed thing"), meaning the church he considered an agent of oppression.

- French butcher's daughter who educated herself by reading books (AKA Belle)

- Won some fame as a journalist, actress, and playwright

- Strong advocate for women's rights, so she opposed "Declaration of the Rights of Man and the Citizen)"

- in 1793 she was executed for her affection for Marie Antoinette and her persistent crusade for women's rights.

1st Estate: 100,000 Roman Catholic clergy

2nd Estate: 400,000 Nobles

3rd Estate: The rest of the population (24 million)

^ serfs, free peasants, urban residents, laborers, artisans, shopkeepers, physicians, bankers, attorneys.

- The third estate had as many delegates as the other two estates combined, but that numerical superiority offered no advantage when the assembly voted on issues, because voting took lace by estate--one vote for each--not by individuals

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- In the 1780s approximately half of the French royal government's revenue went to pay off war debts

-The Third Estate was “locked out” and met at a Tennis court

-lead to Tennis court oath

- On 14 July 1789, a Parisian crowd, fearing that the king sought to undo events of the previous weeks, stormed the Bastille, a royal jail and arsenal, in search of weapons. News of the event soon spread, sparking insurrections in cities throughout France.

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- King of France (1774-1792). In 1789 he summoned the Estates-General, but he did not grant the reforms that were demanded and revolution followed. He and his queen, Marie Antoinette, were executed in 1793.

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A Jacobin who led the Committee of Public Safety and wanted to kill any opposers to the revolution

- When the radical Jacobin party dominated the Convention, Maximilian Robespierre (1758-1794), a Lawyer by training, emerged during the revolution as a ruthless but popular radical known as "the Incorruptible" and he dominated the committee of public safety, the executive authority of the republic.

- The Jacobins believed passional that France needed complete restructuring, and they unleashed a campaign of terror to promote their revolutionary agenda.

- Getting rid of Christianity in French society

- "Cult of Reason" as alternative to Christianity

- Replaced 7 day week with 10-day units

^Year 1 began on 22 September 1792

- They granted increased rights to women: inherit property and divorce. But NOT allowing them to vote or participate in political affairs.

A journalist and scientist, as well as an associate Jacobin; Marat (1743-93) helped launch the Reign of Terror and complied death lists, being an advocate of violent measures. He was stabbed to death in his bath by Charlotte Corday, immortalized in the David painting The Death of Marat.

Queen of France (as wife of Louis XVI) who was unpopular her extravagance (because of her loneliness) and opposition to reform contributed to the overthrow of the monarchy; she was guillotined along with her husband (1755-1793)

French revolutionary leader who stormed the Paris bastille and who supported the execution of Louis XVI but was guillotined by Robespierre for his opposition to the Reign of Terror (1759-1794)

- 1804: Also known as the Civil Code

- Affirmed the political and legal equality of all adult men

- Established a merit-based society (in which individuals qualified for education and employment based on talent rather than birth or social standing.

- Confirmed many of the moderate revolutionary policies of the National Assembly

- Retracted measures passed by the radical Convention

- Restored patriarchal authority in the family

- Limited free speech and routinely censored newspapers and other publication

- Napoleon made systematic use of propaganda to manipulate public opinion

- He ignored elective bodies and surrounded himself with loyal military officers who ensured that representative assemblies did not restrict his authority.

- *The communication and transport system was improved

The only ever successful slave revolt

- The population of Saint-Domingue was comprised of three major groups.

1) There were about 40,000 white colonials, subdivided into several classes:

1a) European-born, Frenchmen who monopolized colonial administrative posts

1b) A class of plantation owners, chiefly minor aristocrats who hoped to reunite with France as soon as possible

1c) Lower-class whites, which included artisans, shopkeepers, slave dealers, and day laborers

2) 28,000 gens de couleur ("people of color)

3) 500,000 slaves, some of whom were mulattoes but most of whom were African-Born

-White planters and black slaves frequently had violent conflicts. Aware that they were outnumbered by slaves by a factor of more than 10, plantation owners lived in constant fear of slave rebellion.

- As planters lost laborers, they imported new slaves from Africa and other Caribbean islands. This pattern continued throughout the eighteenth scenery, until prices of new slaves from Africa rose dramatically.

-When the French Revolution broke out in 1789, white settlers in Saint-Domingue sought the right to govern themselves, but they opposed proposals to grant political and legal equality to the gens de couleur.

- By May 1791, civil war had broken out between white settlers and gens de couleur.

- After Boukman died, Toussaint L'Overture built a strong, disciplined army of about 20,000. He stopped short of declaring independence from France, however, because he did not want to provoke Napoleon into attacking the Island.

- In 1800, the peninsulares number about 30,000 and the creole population was about 3.5 million

- Creoles benefited greatly during the 18th century as they established plantations and ranches in the colonies and participated in rapidly expanding trade with Spain and Portugal.

- The Creoles desired neither social reform like that promoted by Robespierre, nor the establishment of an egalitarian society like Haiti. Basically, they sought to displace the peninsulares but retain their privileged position in society: political independence on the model of the US in North America struck them as an attractive alternative to colonial status.

- Simon Bolivar was a creole Elite who led the movement for independence. Inspired by George Washington, but experienced many reversals and twice went into exile.

- In 1819, he assembled an army that surprised and crushed the Spanish army in Colombia.

- Worked with Jose de San Martin in Argentina, and Bernando O'Higgins in Chile

- Bolivar's goal was to weld the former Spanish Colonies of South America into a great confederation like the United States in North America

- The confederation disintegrated, and Bolivar declared South America "ungovernable" and died of tuberculosis while en route to self-imposed exile in Europe. Silly goofy man.

- Relatively Bloodless

- They have a benevolent feeling toward the Spanish monarchy

^ as the Spanish go back to Spain after Europe, Don Pedro the son wants to stay, and the Brazilians want to be ruled by Don Pedro

- Emperor Pedro I reigned 1822-1834

-Congress of Vienna: (Britain, Austria, Prussia, and Russia) all attempted to restore prerevolutionary order.

- Since the fall of the Roman Empire, Italy and Germany had been disunited lands.

- A variety of regional kingdoms, city-states, and ecclesiastical states ruled the Italian peninsula for more than a thousand years, and pieces divided Germany into more than 300 semiautonomous jurisdictions.

- As they dismantled Napoleon's empire and sought to restore the ancient regime, delegates at the Congress of Vienna placed much of northern Italy under Austrian rule.

- In Germany as in Italy, unification came about when political leaders harnessed nationalist aspirations. The Congress of Vienna created a German Confederation composed of 39 states dominated by Austria.

- In 1862, King Wilhelm I of Prussia appointed a wealthy landowner, Otto von Bismarck as his prime minister. In his first speech as prime minister, he says: "The great questions of the day will not be settled by speeches or majority votes--that was the great mistake of 1848 and 1849--but of blood and Iron."

This first emperor (1st Reich) of united Germany allowed Bismarck to make many decisions and named him prime minister

- A lot of Anti-Semitism happens in Europe, and Herzi creates an anti-anti-semitism movement called the Zion Movement: Supporting jews in the late 1800s)

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Simon Bolivar was a creole Elite who led the movement for independence. Inspired by George Washington, but experienced many reversals and twice went into exile.

- In 1819, he assembled an army that surprised and crushed the Spanish army in Colombia.

- Worked with Jose de San Martin in Argentina, and Bernando O'Higgins in Chile

- Bolivar's goal was to weld the former Spanish Colonies of South America into a great confederation like the United States in North America

- The confederation disintegrated, and Bolivar declared South America "ungovernable" and died of tuberculosis while en route to self-imposed exile in Europe. Silly goofy man x2

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- Chancellor of Prussia from 1862 until 1871, when he became chancellor of Germany. A conservative nationalist, he led Prussia to victory against Austria (1866) and France (1870) and was responsible for the creation of the German Empire (714)

- He intentionally provoked a few wars because of his blood and iron policies

^In his first speech as prime minister, he says: "The great questions of the day will not be settled by speeches or majority votes--that was the great mistake of 1848 and 1849--but of blood and Iron."

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- After Boukman died, Toussaint L'Overture built a strong, disciplined army of about 20,000. He stopped short of declaring independence from France, however, because he did not want to provoke Napoleon into attacking the Island.