BIOL 198 Module 4

DNA is transcribed to RNA, RNA is translated to protein

G to C, T to A, A to U

mRNA

tRNA

RNA polymerase

changes to an organisms DNA

True

allele combination

expressed alleles

G1, S(DNA is replicated, G2, *Prophase1,*Metaphase1,*Anaphase1,*Telophase1, **Prophase2, **Metaphase2, **Anaphase, **Telophase

cells that have two copies of each chromosome(dominant allele and recessive allele in homologous chromosomes

cells that have one copy of each chromosome

telophase 1

attaches sister chromosomes together

matched pairs of chromosomes

True; all genes are in the same location/order on both, but some might be dominant or recessive

contains spindle fibers that pull chromosomes apart

orientation of each pairs of homologous chromosomes is random(XX^ or X^X)

gene variants (that arise by mutation) and exist at the same location on homologous chromosomes

a parent gives one allele to each of its gametes

those alleles that are inherited and unchanged

traits that become latent or don't appear

cross between 2 organisms with different variations in only 1 single gene/locus

a cross between 2 organisms with different variations in 2 genes/locus

two genes located on the same chromosome

non sex determining

genes that are linked to X chomosome(on the X chromosome)

offspring exhibit a blend of their parents traits

a mommy red flower and a daddy white flower love each other so much. The have a baby. The baby is fully pink flower

both alleles are simultaneously expressed

a black cow and a white cow love each other very much. They have a baby cow. That cow has white and black spots

sex cells, haploid

location of a gene on a chromosome

change in allele frequencies that occur over time within a population

all the alleles for a single gene/all the genes in a population

how common an allele is in a population. p + q = 1

how common a genotype is in a population. p^2 + 2pq + q^2 = 1

dominant allele frequency

recessive allele frequency

homozygous dominant genotype

heterozygous genotype

homozygous recessive genotype

a populations allele and genotype frequencies are inherently stable unless some evolutionary force acts upon the population

infinite population size, no gene flow, no mutation, no natural selection, random mating

flow of alleles in and out of a population due to migration of individuals and gametes

effect of chance/of an allele being "reproduced" out.

bottleneck: genotypes get rid of it bey chance, and founder, organisms adapt to the organisms genotypes when they adapt to a new environment

Hawaiian

genetic drift, gene flow, mutation

natural selection, non random mating(mating is not random, some ducks are more attractive than other ducks;)

organisms of different species can't mate/produce offspring. ex) an eagle and a horse cannot start a family outside of adoption

some species that don't look alike, can actually mate. ex)horse+donkey=mule

alleles on the same loci on homologous chromosomes cross over/switch 'sides'

XY

XX

diversity of alleles and phenotypes within a population

formation of 2 species from one species