AP Biology Unit Five

The genetic material of an organism or virus

structures made of one DNA molecule and proteins

body cells

reproductive cells

The complex of DNA and proteins that makes up eukaryotic chromosomes.

Point on a chromosome by which it is attached to a spindle fiber during cell division.

Identical copies of a chromosome; full sets of these are created during the S subphase of interphase.

division of the nucleus into two identical daughter nuclei containing the same number of chromosomes

division of the cytoplasm to form two separate daughter cells(immediately after mitosis, meiosis I, or meiosis II.)

Cell division producing haploid gametes

mitosis and cytokinesis

Cell grows, replicates chromosomes, produces new organelles and cyclins.

Cell grows, duplicates organelles, and gathers materials for DNA replication.

DNA replication occurs

growth and final preparation for division, nucleus well defined.

a structure made of microtubules that controls chromosome movement during mitosis

A structure that functions as the microtubule organizing center and is important during cell division, has two centrioles.

A structure within the centromere containing the motor protein dynein. Moves the chromosomes apart during anaphase.

A cyclically operating set of molecules in the eukaryotic cell that both triggers and coordinates key events in the cell cycle.

a protein that regulates the cell cycle

(Cyclin-dependent kinases) A protein kinase that is active only when attached to a particular cyclin. Activity rises and falls depending on the concentration of the cyclin partner.

(Maturation-promoting factor) a protein complex required for a cell to progress from late interphase to mitosis. The active form consists of cyclin and a protein kinase.

Regulatory proteins, ensure that cell division occurs properly

crowded cells stop dividing

Chromosomes become visible, nuclear envelope dissolves, spindle forms

Chromosomes line up in the middle of the cell

the chromatids (Mitosis) or homologous chromosomes/chromatids (Meiosis) separate and move toward opposite poles

The chromosomes begin to stretch out and lose their rodlike appearence. A new nuclear membrane forms around each region of chromosomes.

cell plate forms

Cleavage furrow forms

one cell divides to form two identical cells

A display of the chromosome pairs of a cell arranged by size and shape.

Chromosomes that have the same sequence of genes, though may have different alleles (versions) of those genes. Maternal/Paternal

X and Y chromosomes.

non-sex chromosomes

2 sets of chromosomes

having a single set of unpaired chromosomes

Fusion of an egg and sperm cell

diploid fertilized egg

exchange of genetic material between homologous chromosomes during prophase I of meiosis

structure containing 4 chromatids that forms when homologs pair during meiosis

have identical alleles of a given gene/ homozygous

The cross of two true-breeding parents. (BB x bb)

Parental Generation

offspring of the P generation

offspring of the F1 generation

Different forms of a gene

A chart that shows all the possible combinations of alleles that can result from a genetic cross

having two identical alleles for a trait. BB or bb

having two different alleles for a trait. Bb

physical characteristics of an organism (blue eyes)

genetic makeup of an organism (bb)

Alleles segregate from one another during the formation of gametes. (due to independent assortment)

A cross between individuals that involves one pair of contrasting traits

a cross between individuals that involves two pairs of contrasting traits

non-linked genes separate into gametes independent of one another in meiosis

A condition in which both proteins produced by the alleles for a gene are fully expressed. (spots/stripes)

Cases in which one allele is not completely dominant over another. The two proteins produced by the alleles mix. (blended colors)

A gene that has more than two alleles, like blood type (A,B,O)

many genes are involved in specifying traits that exhibit continuous variation (ie. a normal/bell-shaped curve). Ex: Human height, skin color

A diagram that shows the occurrence of a genetic trait in several generations of a family.

autosomal recessive disorder resulting in thick mucous in the respiratory tract.

autosomal recessive disorder resulting in mutated hemoglobin molecules that polymerize and cause misshapen red blood cells.

autosomal dominant disorder resulting in neurodegeneration, leading to dementia and death.

An individual with the normal (most common in nature) phenotype. Ex: red eyes in fruit flies

An individual with a mutated form of an allele, not common in nature. Ex: white eyes in fruit flies

Genes located adjacent on the same chromosome that tend to be inherited together in genetic crosses.

one of two X chromosomes in a female is randomly inactivated and remains coiled as a Barr body

Error in meiosis in which homologous chromosomes fail to separate.

Abnormal number of chromosomes.

Only has one copy of a chromosome

condition in which an organism has extra SETS of chromosomes

removes a chromosomal segment

repeats a segment

reverses a segment

moves a segment from one chromosome to another

(Trisomy 21) Occurs when an individual has 3 chromosomes of the 21st pair instead of 2; caused by NONDISJUNCTION

A chromosomal disorder in females in which either an X chromosome is missing ( making the person XO instead of XX) or part of one X chromosome is deleted.

genes found in organelles in the cytoplasm; inherited maternally (mitochondria in the egg)

The addition of methyl groups to bases of DNA after DNA synthesis; may serve as a long-term control of gene expression.

Location of a gene on a chromosome