Chapter 5.1 State Building in the New World

European empires conquered territories across the Atlantic Ocean, giving them a strategic edge over potential Asian and Eastern European competitors.

European advancements in shipbuilding, navigation, and sailing techniques enabled longer and more efficient voyages across the open ocean.

European states were driven by desires for new trade routes, competition with other powers, the spread of Christianity, and state-sponsored ventures to expand overseas.

European diseases devastated indigenous populations in the Americas, contributing significantly to the success of European conquests.

European explorers formed alliances with local groups to aid in conquests, leveraging local knowledge, resources, and manpower.

Contact with European diseases led to catastrophic mortality rates among Native American populations, causing significant demographic consequences.

Unusually cool temperatures during the Little Ice Age impacted global climate, agricultural productivity, and led to the General Crisis in the mid-seventeenth century.

The exchange of plants, animals, and diseases between the Americas and Afro-Eurasia transformed societies, economies, and environments globally.