APUSH - Chapter 8-10

Hamilton's financial plan (1790-91) was where political divisions first surfaced. It had five parts: 1) Establish the new nation's credit-worthiness. 2) Creation of a new national debt. Old debts would be replaced with interest-bearing bonds. 3) Creation of the U.S. Bank modeled off the Bank of England. 4) A tax on producers of whiskey. 5) A tariff and government subsidies to encourage development of factories that could manufacture goods currently purchased from abroad.

When the French Revolution began in 1789, nearly all Americans welcomed it since in part it was inspired by America. However, the Revolution took a more radical turn when King Louis the XVI was executed

Commissioner American ships to attack British ships, Washington administration asked Washington for his recall.

Federalists (Supporters of the Washington Administration) favored Hamilton's economic plan and close ties with Britain

• Prosperous merchants, farmers, lawyers, and established political leaders tended to support them. Republicans (Led by Maddison and Jefferson) were more sympathetic to France and more faithful in self-government.

• They drew their support from wealthy southern planters and ordinary farmers throughout the country.

Broke out when backcountry Pennsylvania farmers sought to block the tax on distilled spirits, they invoked the symbols of 1776 with liberty poles and such. Washington dispatched 13,000 militiamen to Western Pennsylvania, the rebels offered no resistance. This shoed that the government was capable of backing up their laws.

Published a Vindication of the Rights of Women in 1792 which was inspired by Paine's "Rights of Man". Asserting that the rights of humanity should not be confined to just the male line. Although, traditional gender roles weren't directly challenged, called for greater access to education and to paid employment for women, resting on the idea that it would enable women to support themselves and be more capable.

One of the era's most accomplished American women. She wrote essays for the Massachusetts magazine under the pen name "The Gleaner". In her essay "On the Equality of the Sexes" in 1776, she asserted that women has as much right as men to exercise their talents and should be allowed equal educational opportunities.

Undeclared war between the U.S. and France since French ships kept harassing American ships because America declared neutrality in the British and French war. This ultimately led to America becoming a military ally to Britain.

Both French and British were holding American ships hostage. In 1797, American diplomats were sent to Paris to negotiate a treaty, but French officials presented demands for bribes instead. Adams made the envoy's dispatched public, designating French officials with "XYZ", poisoning their relationship.

Allowed the deportation of persons from abroad who were deemed as dangerous by Federal authorities.

Authorized the persecution of any public assembly or publication critical of government.

Written by Madison and Jefferson. The sedition acts thrust freedom of expression to the center of discussion of American Liberty. Madison and Jefferson mobilized opposition, arguing that it was a breach of the First amendment, that states had the right to nullify federal laws if they were deemed unconstitutional.

Jefferson defeated Adams in the 1800s election. Both Jefferson and Burr tied. With no majority, the House of Representatives voted. With no majority there, Hamilton intervened. Even though Hamilton disliked Jefferson, he believed that Burr was obsessed with power and that Jefferson was enough of a statesman to recognize that the federal system couldn't be removed.

Napoleon wasn't able to establish an empire in America and needed to fund his military expeditions, so to cut his losses he sold Jefferson

Barbary states on the Northern Coast of Africa often preyed on shipping in the Mediterranean and the Atlantic. Between 1785-1796, pirates captured 13 American ships and help more than 100 sailors as "slaves", paralyzing trade between America and the Mediterranean. Federal government paid thousands in ransoms and agreed to pay annual sums to purchase peace. However, in 1801 Jefferson refused demands for increased payments, so Pasha of Tripoli declared war on the U.S.. The conflict lasted until 1804 when U.S. squadron won a victory at Tripoli harbor, leading to a treaty guaranteeing American commerce. However, soon after Tripoli resumed harassing ships again, only for them to finally stop after a U.S. show of force in 1812.

War between Britain and France resumed in 1803. According to international law, neutral nations had a right to trade nonmilitary goods with countries at war, but by 1806, each combatant declared the other as under blockade to deny trade between U.S. and their rival. Jefferson decided to use trade as a weapon. December 1807, persuaded Congress to put a ban on all American vessels sailing to foreign parties. Jefferson hoped it would lead to Europeans stopping their interference with American trade, but in 1808 American exports dropped by 80%, devastating the economy. France and Britain who were busy with war took little notice.

Led by Madison and Jefferson, they were more sympathetic to France and had more faith in self government. Thy were more critical of social and economic inequality and more accepting of broad democratic participation as essential to freedom.

Aided by Sacajawea who was their guide and translator, Lewis and Clark explored the land of the Louisiana Purchase seeking passage to the Pacific and to establish trade with the present Indians.

Aided Lewis and Clark as their guide and translator.

With British assaults on American ships continuing, Madison asked for a declaration of war, and it didn't help that the British were aiding Tecumseh when America was trying to push the Indians further West. Vote for war revealed a divided country: The North voted against since they were where Mercantile and financial resources were concentrated, while the West and South voted for it. The country was disunited, military was unprepared, and they were poorly financed (North & B.U.S. refused to give loans). After Britain beat France, they invaded the U.S., they seized Washington D.C. and burned down the White House. Andrew Jackson defeated the Creeks Indians, leading to them ceded 23million acres of land, then went to New Orleans where he fought off British invaders in January 1814.

A new generation of political leaders of an age after winning independence, they were ardent nationalists and called for war with Britain.

Tecumseh: A chief who refused to sign the Treaty of Greenville in 1795 (Ended hostility in Great Lakes). He traversed the Mississippi Valley, seeking to revive Neolin's pan-Indian alliance. 1810, Tecumseh called for Attacks on American frontier settlement, but on November 1811, while Tecumseh was absent, American forces under William Henry Harrison destroyed Prophetstown in the battle of Tippecanoe. Tenskwatawa: Called for the complete separation from whites, the revival of traditional Indian Culture, and resistance to federal policies. Believed that white people were the source of all evil and that Indians should abandon American alcohol, clothing, food, and manufactured goods.

November 1811, while Tecumseh was absent, American forces under William Henry Harrison destroyed Prophetstown in the battle of Tippecanoe.

November 1811, while Tecumseh was absent, American forces under William Henry Harrison destroyed Prophetstown in the battle of Tippecanoe.

The war's greatest victory in January 1815. Jackson used Natives and Blacks to fight Brits promising blacks the same pay as whites.

Federalists met to discuss breaking away and to resume trade. Ties to Britain leads to accusations of treason and the Federalist Party soon collapsed. Although, their ideology still existed as the "nationalist-republicans", which later turned into the whig party, which eventually became the democratic-republicans.

A catalyst of innovations in transportation and communication and it was an acceleration of development in America.

The first advancement in overland transportation. They were toll roads created by localities, states, and private companies. More than 900 companies were chartered to make toll roads, but they never turned a profit. Maintenance costs were higher than expected and many towns built "shunpikes", which were short detours which allowed residents to avoid toll gates. Even on these new roads, horse-drawn wagons remained an inefficient mode of getting goods to market.

Pennsylvania-born artist and engineer who experimented with steamboat designs while living in France. 1807, Fulton's ship the "Clermont" navigated the Hudson River from New York, showing the Steamboat's technological and commercial feasibility. This invention made upstream commerce possible. 1811, first steamboat introduced on the Mississippi River, 20 years later there were ~200 steamboats.

Helped grow nation and helped them interact, easier to spread trade and ideas. Connected regions

The Erie Canal was a 365 mile canal across upstate New York, which allowed goods to flow between the Great Lakes. The Canals attracted an influx of farmers, leading to cities and towns. New York governor DeWitt Clinton oversaw this project, believing that it would make NYC the emporium of commerce, which it did. The completion of the Erie Canal and its success led several states to scramble to match that success. This led to several states borrowing money, then going bankrupt in the economic depression of 1837. Although, cost for transportation was now dramatically reduced.

Railroads opened vast new areas of the American interior for settlement, while stimulating the mining for coal and iron. The first commercial railroad was from Baltimore and Ohio, with work beginning in 1828. By 1860, the railroad network had grown to 30,000 miles.

Between 1790 and 1840, ~4.5millionpeople crossed the Appalachian and six new states entered the union (Indiana, Illinois, Missouri, Alabama, Mississippi, and Maine) Few moved to the West as lone pioneers, many came in groups, cooperating to clear land, build houses/barns, and establishing communities. Some migrants flowed out of the South to create the new Cotton kingdom.

Entrepreneurs gathered artisans into large workshops in order to oversee their work. The labor process broke into numerous steps, requiring less skill and training. Factories gathered large groups of workers under central supervision and replaced hand tools with power driven machinery.

Samuel Slater, an immigrant from England, established America's first factory in 1790 at Pawtucket Rhode Island. Since British law made it illegal to export the plans for industrial machinery, Slater (A skilled mechanic) built a power-driven spinning Jenny from memory.

Many Americans settled with no regard to national boundaries confident the government was behind them. Jackson invaded Florida and seized Baton Rouge, Louisiana. Georgia and Alabama wanted to take Florida to eliminate a slave refuge. Spain wasn't able to defend Florida.

in 1793, invented the cotton gin, which sped up the previously time-consuming job of separating cotton fibers from cotton seeds.

The South planned to create a new Cotton Kingdom. Factories led to an immense demand for cotton, which was suited to grow in the South because of its climate. 1783, Eli Whitney invented the Cotton Gin, which quickly turned the laborious task of separating cotton and seeds into quick work. Previously, people though slavery would die out since Slavery's previous major crop, tobacco, quickly exhausted the soil, but Cotton was the new direct for slavery.

Because factories were able to mass-produce goods with artisans requiring little skill, independent artisans were often displaced since they had to compete against these big factories.

Earlier factories had to be located along a "fall line", where waterfalls and river rapids could be harnessed to provide power. Newer factories in the 1840s could use steam-power, allowing factory owners to locate in more areas

Relied on production of interchangeable parts that could be rapidly assembled into finished products such as the interchangeable parts in clocks used by Eli Terry.

To persuade parents to allow their daughters to work in the mills, owners set up boarding houses with strict rules regulating personal behavior, lecture halls, churches, and a periodical.

• First time in history that a large number of women left their homes to participate in the public world.

Economic expansion fueled demand for labor, which was assisted by increased immigration from abroad.

• 1840-1860, over 4 million people entered the U.S. (Mainly from Germany and Ireland), with 90% headed for the northern states where job opportunities were most abundant and where new arrivals wouldn't have to compete with slaves for job opportunities.

Religious differences led to dissemination of Irish immigrants. As Roman Catholics, they faced discrimination in a largley Protestant society in which the traditions of "antipopery" still ran deep.

Corporate form of business became central to the U.S. economy since they could raise capital better than traditional enterprises, and could fail without ruining its directors of stockholders. Although, many Americans distrusted corporate charters as a form of government-granted special privelage.

• Chief Justice John Marshall, a Federalist who believed in Contract rights. Contracts could only be altered by the original signers.

• Dartmouth College vs. Woodward: Contract Rights.

• Gibbon's vs. Ogden: NY couldn't grant a monopoly on steamboat navigation between NY and NJ.

• Charles River bridge vs. Warren Bridge: Roger Taney, who replaced Chief justice Marshall, declared that the community had a legitimate interest in promoting transportation and prosperity.

• Local judges tended to side with business owners: Not liable for property damage and struck down worker's rights to organize.

John L. O. Sullivan, a New York journalist, employed the phrase "manifest destiny", meaning that the U.S. had a divine mission to occupy all of North America. He also wrote that other's claims must give away to the manifest destiny and that those who stood in the way were definite obstacles to the progress of freedom.

A group of New England intellectuals who insisted on the primacy of individual judgement over existing social-traditions and institutions.

Rooted in the idea of self-sufficiency. Americans came to understand that no one person or government had the right to interfere with the realm of self.

Most prominent member of the Transcendentalists who believed that freedom was an open-ended process of self-realization by which individuals could remake themselves and their own lives.

Worried that the market revolution actually stifled individual judgement; genuine freedom lay within the individual.

Revivals organized by established religious leaders who were alarmed by low levels of church attendance in the young republic. Attendance reached a crescendo in the 1820s and 1830s when Reverend Charles Grandison Finney held months long revival meetings in NY. All people, regardless of status, sex, or race, often worshipped alongside one another.

Son of a poor German butcher who earned large profits through fur, tea, silk, and real estate, becoming the richest man in the U.S. His story exemplified opportunities to the "Self-Made Man", showing that those who achieved success in America did so because of hard work, intelligence, not privilege or government.

Free blacks were excluded from the new economic opportunities. A majority of blacks lived in the poorest, unhealthiest sections of cities. They faced discrimination in every phase of their lives. Many white artisans criticized slavery and viewed freed slaves as low-wage competitors and sought to bar them from skilled employment, white employers refused to hire them in anything but menial positions, and white customers did not want to be served by them. Federal Law blocked them from access to public land.

Ideas of republican motherhood (Which allowed women a role as mothers for future citizens) subtly evolved into Women creating a private environment shielded from the competitive tensions of the market society.

Some felt that the market revolution reduced their freedom and that economic swings widened the gap between classes. This occurred in Lynn Pennsylvania, which compared the lives of the workers to slavery.

Resumption of trade with Europe after the war of 1812 created a huge oversees market for American Cotton and Grain. Before this, rapid expansions to the west led to demands for loans to purchase land. However, in 1829, European demand for American farm products dropped to normal levels, leading to demand for land plummeting. Banks then asked for payment of loans, farmers and businessmen who couldn't repay declared bankruptcy, unemployment rose in eastern cities.

Loyalty to a region of the country (Ex. North vs. South) rather than the nation.

Missouri petitioned for statehood in 1819, but since they were a slave-state there was a debate over the balance between free and slave states. This was enacted by Congress in 1820: While it was admitted to the Union as a slave state, but so was Maine (A free state). Congress also prohibited further slavery North of the 36°30' latitude of the remaining Louisiana territory. Henry Clay engineered a second Missouri compromise to deal with Missouri's barring of free blacks.

1823, Adams drafted a section of the president's annual message to Congress, which came to be known as this. It expressed three principles:

• First, U.S. would oppose any further efforts of colonization in the Americas.

• Second, The U.S. would abstain from involvement in the wars of Europe.

• Third, Monroe warned European powers to not interfere with the newly independent nation of America.

Raised taxes on imported manufactured goods made of wool as well as raw materials like iron, which raised considerable opposition in the South, mainly South Carolina. In South Carolina it was known as the Tariff of Abomination.

Webster declared that the people, not the states, created the constitution, making the federal government sovereign, calling nullification illegal, unconstitutional, and treasonous.

A three-step plan by Henry Clay. This plan planned to place high taxes on imports, re-charter the 2nd bank of the U.S., and provide federal money for internal improvements like roads and canals.

Taney, who replaced Chief Justice Marshall, ruled that the Massachusetts Legislature did not infringe the charter of an existing company that had constructed a bridge over the Charles river when it empowered a second company to build a competing bridge. He declared that the community had a legitimate interest in promoting transportation and prosperity.

Steam-powered newspapers led to increased output, allowing press issued at $0.01. More publications meant that people were more educated and more aware of the political events surrounding them.

There was more voting participation because the people were angry. They had believe that the election of 1824 was corrupt or rigged, so they voted to get the popular Jackson as president.

Because of the economic depression when Van Buren(Democratic-Republican) was in office, the Whig party had an opportunity to get a president in. The Whig party abandoned their most prominent leader Henry Clay and nominated Henry Harrison. They promoted Harrison as the "log cabin" candidate, the champion of the common man. Like Jackson, Harrison also had military success in the war of 1812, building up his success.

Calhoun threatened to null and void the tariff of 1828, denying that nullification was a step to disunion, but rather necessary so that national actions would never trample on its rights or interests. To Jackson, nullification meant disunion, so in 1832 he* asked Congress for a Bill of Force*, authorizing him to use the army and navy to collect custom duty. To avoid a confrontation, Henry Clay, with Calhoun's assistance, engineered a new tariff where South Carolina would have further reduced duties, and rescinded the ordinance of nullification.

Extended judicial review (Supreme Court's right to determine whether or not an act of Congress violates the Constitution) to state laws.

States cannot alter private contracts.

Marshall declared that the Bank a legitimate exercise of authority under the constitution's clause that allowed Congress to pass "necessary and proper laws". This meant that Missouri couldn't heavily tax the bank (A federal building) in an attempt to kill it after the Panic.

New York couldn't grant a monopoly on steamboat navigation between New York and New Jersey.

Indians were not in fact owners of the land, but merely had a "right of occupancy."

Held that Natives were a distinct people who had the right to maintain a separate political identity.

Only Andrew Jackson could truly claim national support. However, there ended up being no majority as there were a total of four candidates carrying one region (Clay with W, Crawford with S, Adams with N). As required by the constitution, Clay (With the least votes) was eliminated from the choice and moved to the House of Representatives. Clay believed that Adams was the most qualified and that he was the most likely to support the American System. This became known as the Corrupt Bargain.