Ap Biology Ch. 8

The totality of an organism’s chemical reactions; manages the material and energy resources of the cell

A specific molecule and ends with a product

leads the RELEASE energy by the BREAK DOWN complex molecules into similar compounds

Cellular respiration

CONSUME energy to BUILD complex molecules from similar ones

Capacity to work

Associated with motion; thermal energy & heat

Energy that matter posses because if it’s location or structure; chemical energy

Energy can be transferred and transformed but not created or destroyed

The study of energy transformations

In every energy transfer the PE if the final state is less than the PE of the initial state

Part of a system’s energy that is able to perform when the temperature of a system is uniform

Energy is released; occurs spontaneously; 🔼G<0

Requires energy; absorb/ require free energy; 🔼G>0

The cell’s energy shuttle; ribose, adenine, and 3 phosphate groups

Hydrolysis, ADP

Phosphorylation, ATP

A chemical agent that speeds up a reaction without being consumed by the reaction

Enzyme; ase= enzyme

The initial energy needed to start a chemical reaction

Lowering the EA of the reaction but without altering the 🔼G of the reaction

By lowering the EA barrier

They hasten reactions that would occur eventually

Region on the enzyme where the substrate binds

Substrates enter active site

Substrates are held in active site by weak interactions

The active site lowers EA

Substrates are converted into products

Products are released

Active site is now available for new substrates

Optimal temperature in which it can function

Optimal pH in which it can function

It becomes denatured; can no longer function

Nonproteins, aka cofactors

It is referred to as a coenzyme

Vitamins

Molecules that compete with the substrate for the active site on the enzyme; may bind reversible or irreversibly to the active site.

Poisons

Molecules that don’t directly compete with the substrate molecule to bind at the active site; they impede enzyme activity by binding to another part of the enzyme. This causes the enzyme to change shape, often rendering the active site nonfunctional.

An increase in production of the final product

increase until the enzyme is saturated (functioning at maximum efficiency) and the production of the final product is constant.

Allosteric sites on the enzyme; which is a specific binding site but NOT the active site

Enzyme activity(allosteric activator) or inhibit enzyme activity(allosteric inhibitor)

The end product of a metabolic pathway shuts down the pathway by binding to the allosteric site of the enzyme in the pathway

Increases the efficiency of the pathway by turning it off when the end product accumulated in the cell.

coupling energy releasing (exergonic) reactions to energy requiring (endergonic) reactions.

of a substrate to a final product by lowering the energy of activation.

because of the molecular shape and charge of their active sites.

influence enzyme activity.

by the rate of their reactions, often governed by feedback inhibition and activation.

the rate of reactions.