unit 2 - cell structure and function

A type of cell lacking a nucleus and other membrane-bound organelles. DNA is found in the nucleoid region. Examples include bacteria and archaea. Free ribosomes and cell wall.

Organism with cells containing a nucleus and other membrane-bound organelles. Examples include plants, animals, fungi, and protists. Histones on DNA. Multiple linear DNA.

Proteins that help package and organize DNA in the cell nucleus. They play a crucial role in gene regulation and chromatin structure.

Specialized structures within a cell that perform specific functions, such as the nucleus, mitochondria, and endoplasmic reticulum.

The cell's control center, containing DNA. It regulates cell activities, stores genetic material, and coordinates cell functions.

A structure inside the cell nucleus responsible for producing ribosomes, which are essential for protein synthesis.

Generate energy in the form of ATP through cellular respiration. Double membrane. Outer is smooth, inner is folded with enzymes to make ATP. The site of cellular respiration (glucose breakdown)

The process where cells convert glucose and oxygen into energy, carbon dioxide, and water through a series of biochemical reactions.

Cell organelle that synthesizes proteins by translating mRNA into amino acids. Found in the cytoplasm or attached to the endoplasmic reticulum. Site of translation. Protein synthesis. made of rRNA and protein.

The process in protein synthesis where mRNA is decoded by ribosomes to produce a specific amino acid sequence.

The process where cells make proteins using instructions from DNA. It involves transcription and translation.

Organelle in eukaryotic cells involved in protein synthesis, lipid metabolism, and detoxification; divided into rough and smooth regions.

Catch and release strategies in parallel synthesis involve temporarily immobilizing reaction intermediates on solid supports before releasing them for further reactions, allowing for efficient purification and optimization of reaction conditions. Lacks ribosomes.

Has ribosomes for protein synthesis, while smooth ER lacks ribosomes and helps with lipid metabolism.

Organelle in cells. Modifies, sorts, packages proteins for transport within or outside the cell. Signals for export.

A network of protein filaments in the cell that provides structural support, aids in cell movement, and helps in cell division.

Thin protein filaments in the cytoskeleton that provide structural support, facilitate cell movement, and aid in cell division. Contractile protein, gives shape, movement within the cell.

Protein filaments that provide structural support, help with cell division, and serve as tracks for organelle movement within the cell. (Centrioles, Cilia, Flagella, Spindle fibers.)

Cylindrical structures found in animal cells that play a role in cell division by organizing the spindle fibers.

Hair-like structures on cell surfaces. Cilia help with movement and the transport of materials across the cell surface.

Whip-like structures found in some cells that aid in movement. They propel the cell by creating a wavelike motion, allowing the cell to swim or move through liquid environments.

Protein structures that form during cell division. They help separate chromosomes by attaching to the centromere and pulling them apart to opposite ends of the cell.

Membrane-bound organelles found in cells. They store water, nutrients, waste products, and help maintain turgor pressure in plant cells. Large and central in plant cells.

Small sacs made of membrane that transport materials within the cell. They can move molecules between organelles or to and from the cell membrane.

Membrane-bound organelles containing digestive enzymes. They break down waste materials, cellular debris, and foreign invaders in the cell. Used for intracellular digestion and apoptosis.

Organelles found in plant cells that conduct photosynthesis, converting light energy into chemical energy in the form of glucose.

Rigid outer layer found in plant cells that provides structural support and protection. It regulates the passage of substances in and out of the cell.

Thin layer between plant cell walls. Glues adjacent cells together.

The primary cell wall is a flexible layer outside the cell membrane of plant cells, providing support and protection. Made of cellulose fibers.

A rigid structure formed by plants between the primary cell wall and cell membrane, providing additional support and protection.

Lignin: Complex polymer in cell walls providing structural support. Pectin: Polysaccharide aiding in cell adhesion and structure in plant cell walls.

Eukaryotic cells evolved from symbiotic relationships between different prokaryotic organisms, with one engulfing the other. All eukaryotic cells came from bacterial cells that lived together. Proof - all chloroplasts and mitochondria have own DNA and are autonomous.

Outer boundary of a cell that controls the movement of substances in and out. It provides protection and helps maintain cell shape. Separates the internal environment of the cell from the external environment.

Double layer of phospholipid molecules. Forms cell membrane, controls what enters and exits cell. It is selectively permeable and amphipathic. hydrophilic on the inside and outside, hydrophobic within membrane.

A model explaining the structure of cell membranes. It describes the membrane as a fluid lipid bilayer with embedded proteins that can move freely. In motion; proteins, cholesterol, glycoproteins, and glycolipids among phospholipids.

A waxy substance found in your blood. It is crucial for building healthy cells but too much can increase the risk of heart disease.

Proteins with attached carbohydrate chains. They play key roles in cell recognition, signaling, and immune response.

Molecules composed of a lipid and a carbohydrate group. They are found in cell membranes and play a role in cell recognition and signaling.

Passive movement of molecules from an area of high concentration to low concentration without the need for a transport protein. Small and uncharged move freely through phospholipids.

Passive movement of molecules across a cell membrane with the help of transport proteins, following the concentration gradient. Large or charged from high to low, with protein carrier, such as glucose, K+.

The movement of molecules across a cell membrane from an area of lower concentration to an area of higher concentration, requiring energy input in the form of ATP. Uses a protein.

Process by which cells absorb molecules by engulfing them with their cell membrane. It allows cells to take in nutrients and regulate signaling molecules. Membrane surrounds and forms vesicles; receptor mediated endocytosis has recepors on surface.

Process by which a cell engulfs and digests particles such as bacteria or debris. It plays a crucial role in the immune response and maintaining tissue homeostasis. Solid.

Type of endocytosis where cells engulf fluids and solutes by forming vesicles. It is a non-specific process used for nutrient uptake. Liquid.

The process by which cells release substances outside of the cell by fusing vesicles with the plasma membrane.

The movement of water molecules from an area of low solute concentration to an area of high solute concentration across a selectively permeable membrane. Diffusion of water.

The measure of the tendency of water to move from one area to another. It is influenced by pressure, solute concentration, and gravity. Pressure potential plus pressure potential, water moves from high water potential to low water potential. Solutes always lower water potential, pressure can increase or decrease depending if its negative or postive.

The pressure exerted by the fluid inside plant cells against the cell wall, providing structural support and maintaining cell shape.

Solution with higher solute concentration than another. Causes water to move out of cells, leading to cell shrinkage or crenation.

Solution with lower solute concentration than another solution, causing water to move into the cell, potentially causing it to swell or burst.

Refers to a solution where the concentration of solutes is the same inside and outside a cell, resulting in no net movement of water.

Refers to having a large surface area relative to the volume, allowing for efficient exchange of materials with the environment. Increases rate at which food can be taken in waste expelled.

Programmed cell death process that eliminates damaged or unnecessary cells in a controlled manner, preventing inflammation and maintaining tissue homeostasis.

Protein that facilitates the transport of water molecules across cell membranes.

Facilitates the movement of molecules across the cell membrane through active or passive transport processes.

A type of protein that forms a tunnel-like pore in the cell membrane, allowing specific substances to pass through via facilitated diffusion.

Difference in solute concentration between two regions, driving the movement of substances from an area of high concentration to low concentration.

A jelly-like substance that fills the cell and surrounds organelles. It is the site of many cellular activities and helps maintain cell shape.

Branch-like extensions of a neuron that receive signals from other neurons and transmit them towards the cell body.

The movement of molecules from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration, down the concentration gradient.

A membrane-bound organelle studded with ribosomes that synthesizes and processes proteins in the cell.

A molecule that binds to a receptor, enzyme, or protein to form a complex, influencing its function or activity.

A nerve cell that transmits electrical and chemical signals in the body. It consists of a cell body, dendrites, and an axon.

Chemical messengers that transmit signals across synapses between neurons, muscles, or glands, influencing various functions in the body.

A double membrane structure that surrounds the nucleus, separating its contents from the cytoplasm. It contains nuclear pores for molecular transport.

A type of lipid molecule with a hydrophilic head and hydrophobic tail, forming the basis of cell membranes.

A thin, semi-permeable barrier that surrounds cells, regulating the passage of substances in and out.

The process in plant cells where the cell membrane pulls away from the cell wall due to water loss, leading to cell shrinkage and potential cell death.

Allowing only certain substances to pass through a barrier while blocking others based on size, charge, or other factors.

A junction between two nerve cells where electrical or chemical signals are transmitted, allowing communication between neurons.

Proteins that span the lipid bilayer of cell membranes, allowing the passage of molecules in and out of cells. They play a key role in cell communication and transport.