📜AOS1 The nature and functions of language

study of speech and the science of the sounds uttered by the human voice or used in a particular language, phonetics

Study of words and structure of words

(M=   part of word, L= whole word)

Study of how words are structured to form   phrases, clauses, sentences

study of meaning

The whole text, how it comes together

Word classes

verbs, conjuctions, prepositions, determiners, nouns adjectives, adverbs, pronouns, interjections.

Verb (content) which are your regular verbs which express action. eg run, jump, swim, walk

Verbs (function) which includes auxiliary and modal.

Modal verbs express necessity or possibility. eg could, have to, might

Auxiliary verbs are helper verbs. eg. was helping, will write, had caught, to be, to have

conjunctions are connecting words.

consists of:

-coordinating conjunctions: FANBOYS (for, and, nor, but, or, yet, so)

-Subordinate conjunctions: links clauses together (because, since, although, while, whereas)

show the relationship between nouns eg. under the bed, before bed

(position is preposition)

Introduce noun phrases eg. the, an, a, that, this, my, your

replace the nouns eg. i, we, they, you, she, he, it, me, us, them, ours

express a sudden or strong emotion or feeling. eg. Ouch!, im so sorry!

the smallest meaningful part of a word. eg. root, prefix, suffix

un (unhappy), de, dis (disapproval), re

ing, s, ed, er

fanbloodytastic, absobloominglutely

a word element that cannot stand alone as a word, including both prefixes and suffixes. eg. ceive (as in receive, deceive, etc.)

can stand alone as a word and cannot be broken down further into other word elements. eg. usually base words

Do not change the meaning of the word, only alters the grammar of it eg. s makes a word plural, ed makes a word in the past

Changes the word class of the word or changes the meaning of the word (usually to its opposite) eg. clean: unclean

no comment its just to start anew subheading

the dictionary definition of a word

the ideas or meanings associated with the word

The ways that a word can change its meaning over time

broadening, narrowing, elevation, deterioration, shift

A word’s meaning widens – it retains it’s original meaning, but takes on new uses

eg. mouse: originally the animal but broadened to refer to the computer accessory

A word’s meaning becomes limited – it means something more specific than what it originally did

eg. In the 17th Century, ‘meat’ referred to any food, however it has since narrowed to only refer to ‘animal flesh used for food’.

A word takes on a more positive meaning than it originally had

eg. nice used to mean ignorant or foolish and now changed to pleasant meaning

A word takes on a more negative meaning than it originally had

eg. villain: In the 13th Century, a villain referred to a peasant or someone who lives on a farm. It now refers to someone who is not very nice, the opposite to a hero.

A word takes on a new meaning and loses it’s original meaning

eg. silly used to just mean happy, now it means foolish

-

missing either a verb or a subject

eg.

Because I could.

The cat meowed because.

Although it didn’t happen that way.

contains a subject and a verb; expresses only one idea

eg.

The cat ate.

The black cat ate.

The fluffy black cat ate.

The old fluffy black cat ate.

The cat ate cat food.

contains two independent clauses; usually joined by a conjunction. Uses FANBOYS

eg.

The cat ate and went to sleep.

My sister and I went for a walk, but we didn’t get far.

(don’t get confused by the early ‘and’ in this sentence – it isn’t joining clauses)

Miss Badrock’s English Language class are smart, yet they are going to have to work hard!

contains an independent clause joined by one or more dependent clauses

eg. There was a discussion about sentence construction, however many of them were a bit confused.

It was a wonderful afternoon when they went for a really long walk.

contains two independent clauses and at least one dependent clause

eg. She looked at me as if I had just told her I was starting up my own sect and wanted to use her cat as the supreme being and her hubby for the first offering.

must have both a verb and a subject (which is usually a noun)

eg. the cat ate

Noun phrase + verb phrase = clause

They stand alone as a sentence.

eg. The cow mooed.

An independent clause can also be referred to as a ‘main’ clause

They are ‘dependent’ on other information being attached to them in order to make sense

eg. Because she was angry.

A dependent clause can also be referred to as a ‘subordinate’ clause

declarative

interrogative

exclamative

imperative

information, observations or statements

eg.

a direct order or instruction

eg.

questions

eg.

Make exclamations

eg.

Involves removing words or phrases from an utterance, clause or sentence, in particular if they are implied or unnecessary given the context.

**eg.**John saw two birds in the sky and Bob saw three. The second birds after three was left out

The act of turning a verb (or any other word class) into a noun

eg.

• Mary needs to decide what to do

• Mary needs to make a decision

• Joan was persistent and it paid off

• Joan’s persistence paid off

If it is subject-verb-object then it is active

eg.

If it is object-verb-subject then it is passive

eg.

Neologism

Blend (portmanteau)

Initialism

Acronym

Shortening

Compounding

Conversion

Contraction

Collocation

Borrowing

Commonisation

Archaism

A newly created word

eg. clickbait, crowdfunding, hangry, catfish, malware

A word that is made of other words smooshed together

eg. Bromance = bro and romance

Brainiac = brain and maniac

An initialism is where the letters of the abbreviation are all pronounced separately

E.g. RSPCA, CSIRO, FBI

An acronym is where the letters are pronounced together as part of one word

E.g. ASAP, radar, laser, FOMO

Dropping the ending or beginning of a word to shorten it

eg. refrigerator – fridge

Gymnasium – gym

Limousine – limo

University - uni

Creating new words by putting two free morphemes together

Can be done with a hyphen

eg. blueberry, Facebook, bedroom, moonlight

Transforming words from one word class to another without adding any suffixes

eg. email- started as just a noun, then became a verb

Host- from being the host (noun) to hosting the party (verb)

Putting two words together and separating them with an apostrophe

eg. I’ll, don’t, won’t, couldn’t, they’re

Words so closely associated with each other that when we hear one we almost automatically provide the other

Could be clichés like “safe and sound” or colloquial expressions like “the whole kit and caboodle”

eg. “one in a million”, “wish upon a star”, “make the bed”

Words that English has borrowed from other languages and added to the English lexicon

eg. croissant - French

Boomerang – Australian Aboriginal

Algebra - Arabic

When a proper noun becomes a noun

eg. esky, band-aid, Panadol, coke

When a word is no longer used in everyday language and is considered ‘old’

eg.thou, thy, shalt, knave, carl

Homonyms: the overarching category of words that share spelling and pronunciation

• Heteronym: share spelling, different pronunciations

• Homograph: share spelling, different definition, may or may not have same pronunciation

• Homophone: share pronunciation, different definitions

A phonetic notation system used to represent all of the sounds (phones) in human speech

The point at which a sound is produced (in the mouth or throat)

The way in which the airflow is obstructed in the vocal tract when producing a consonant sound

The vibration of the vocal cords

Voiced and voiceless

A simple vowel that has the same sound throughout its pronunciation

The tongue does not move

For example: the vowel in ‘bin’

Occurs when the tongue starts in one position and moves to another to produce the vowel sound

For example: the vowel in ‘buy’

the written version of something spoken (usually a speech)

These refer to the specific features of speech and how we speak

• Pitch

• Intonation

• Stress

• Tempo

• Volume

They affect the words themselves

These refer to things outside the speech and include things such as:

• Body language

• Facial expressions

• Stance

• Gesture

• Gaze

• Laughter

The stuff outside the words

Um, ah, uh etc

Words that we add to our speech

Examples include: ‘like’, ‘you know’, ‘yeah-no’, ‘anyway’, ‘sort of’

Sometimes when we speak more quickly, we tend to drop aspects of words

End up with things such as ‘fish ‘n’ chips’ (as opposed to ‘fish and chips’)

The omission or deletion of a sound in speech – could be vowel or consonant

Fish and chips – fish ‘n’ chips

Want to – wanna

Library – libry

Similar to elision, but instead of the vowel disappearing completely they become a ‘schwa’ /Ə/ and drop some of the whole vowel sound

Sounds like ‘uh’, the most common vowel sound

Balloon, doctor, problem

A sound changes to become similar to a neighbouring sound

Handbag – hambag, sandwich – samwich

Kitten – kidden, butter – budder

Did you – didju, Tuesday – choosday

Adding sounds when they don’t belong

Athlete – ath-a-lete

Going – go-wing

what type of text is it?

Article, meme, conversation, text message, speech, book excerpt, recipe, letter, etc.

is it spoken, written, or sign

What is the purpose of this text? What is it trying to do?

Examples include: to inform, persuade, entertain, create rapport, to sell something, to scare, to instruct, etc.

Who is the text aimed at?

Examples include: parents, students, people wanting to cook, athletes, etc.

What is the context around when this text was created? Time and place?

Is it formal or informal?

• Word classes- noun, verb, adjective, adverb, pronoun, conjunction, preposition, interjection, determiner

• Colloquial language/slang

• Jargon- words specific for that topic, you only know them if you know the topic

• Words borrowed from other languages

• Lexical repetition

• Contractions

• Abbreviations

• Acronyms or initialisms

• Hyphenated words

• Sentence type/s

• Sentence structure/s

• Voice (active, passive or both)

• Non-standard syntax (what we might consider to be ‘incorrect grammar’

• Inference/assumed knowledge

• Use of personal pronouns

• Reason for interrogatives as rhetorical questions

• Conventions- does the text follow standard rules/expectations? What are they?

• Connotations

• Semantic field/domain

• Metaphors

• Idioms

TC FARM in the introduction

three to four paragrapghs on the subsystem

no conclusion